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Drought in East Africa
Title Drought in East Africa
Description The failure of the short-season rains left large sections of East Africa in severe drought in late 2005 and early 2006. In eastern Africa, most areas experience one of two rainfall patterns. Some places have a single "long rains" season that runs from March until November or December. Other areas have two rainy seasons: long rains between March/April and July/August, and "short rains" from October to December or January. The rains recharge lakes and reservoirs and nurture plants from crops and pasture lands to natural vegetation. For East Africa, 2005 was anything but a normal year. The long rainy season produced little rain, and the short rainy season failed altogether. As a result, rainfall totals for the year were only 20-60 percent of normal, depending on the region, reported the Famine Early Warning Network (FEWS NET). The drought's impact on vegetation can be seen in this vegetation index image, collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS [ http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov ]) at the end of the short rainy season. The image shows how well plants were growing between December 19 and January 3 compared to average conditions between 2000 and 2004. The prevalence of deep reddish-brown across the image indicates that plants were growing poorly, if at all, in the dry conditions. The drought area shown in this image circles Lake Victoria in a north-south-oriented oval that stretches from southern Sudan and Ethiopia in the north to Tanzania in the south. Grey areas show where clouds covered the area throughout the composite period. The impact of the drought has been severe. "This drought has resulted in crop failures, pasture degradation, water shortages, and has raised serious food security concerns for the region," FEWS NET warned. By the end of January 2006, millions were in need of food aid, particularly pastoralists who depend on rain-fed pasture lands to maintain their livestock. Not all of East Africa has been affected. Kenya (center right) had a bumper harvest in 2005, but little of the crop made its way to the drought-hit pastoral districts of the country. NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data provided by Inbal Reshef as part of the Global Agricultural Monitoring Project between NASA, USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), and the University of Maryland. More data and information about this joint project is available at Satellite Information for Agricultural Monitoring. [ http://tripwire.geog.umd.edu/usda/ ]
East Africa Greens Up from H …
Title East Africa Greens Up from Heavy Rains
Description After devastating drought in 2005, eastern Africa experienced heavy rains and flooding during the 2006 "short rains" season that usually lasts from around October until December. Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania all experienced significant, sometimes deadly, flooding. [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=14026 ] What has been difficult for people and livestock, however, has been good for vegetation, including grazing areas and croplands. The resulting green-up is evident in this image, which compares satellite-observed vegetation in November 2006 to the average November conditions from 2000-2005. Places where vegetation was more luxuriant than normal are shown in green, while places where vegetation conditions were below normal are colored brown. Places near average are yellow. The data were collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) [ http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov ] on NASA's Terra [ http://terra.nasa.gov ] satellite. Among the most changed areas is Kenya's Eastern province. Both the Marsabit National Reserve, which is next to the Ethiopia border, and the Merti Plateau to its south were dramatically more lush than they were near the end of 2005. [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=13329 ] Evidence of extensive flooding along the Shebele River in southeast Ethiopia (Shabelle in Somalia) is clear: unusually green vegetation traces out the path of the river and several of its tributaries. Although water levels in Lake Victoria have rebounded somewhat from the extremely low levels [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/Victoria/ ] measured in 2005, the vegetation in areas surrounding the lake appears to be slower to respond. NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data provided courtesy of the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service and processed by Jen Small and Assaf Anyamba of the GIMMS Group [ http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/gimms/htdocs/ ] at NASA GSFC.
Flooding in Eastern Africa
Title Flooding in Eastern Africa
Description During the first two weeks of May, heavy, incessant rains pelted east Africa, giving rise to floods and mudslides that killed dozens of people and drove thousands from their homes. This false-color image of Tanzania was acquired on May 13, 2002, by the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), flying aboard NASA?s Terra spacecraft. Dramatic flooding can be seen in the plains of Tanzania due south of Lake Victoria?the large body of water at the top of the images. While this is the rainy season in eastern Africa, the rainfall has been much heavier than usual. Meteorologists blame the extreme rainfall on higher than average temperatures in the Indian Ocean. Though Tanzania lost nine people to the floods, the damage and loss of life was far worse farther north. In Kenya, tens of thousands of people have been driven from their homes, and in Rwanda, nearly 50 people have lost their lives in mudslides and flooding. The rainy season doesn?t end until mid-June, so flooding could become even worse. In these false-color images, green shows land surface and black is water. The pinkish-white patches are clouds. Image courtesy Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team [ http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ] at NASA GSFC
Floods in East Africa
Title Floods in East Africa
Description December typically marks the end of the short rainy season in eastern Africa. By mid- to late December, the rains subside until March, when the long rainy season begins. Fluctuations in the amount of rain that falls during the short rainy season are normal, and in 2006, the rains were more intense than normal. The heavy rains triggered deadly floods from Somalia to Tanzania. In 2005, by contrast, the rains failed, and drought ensued. The difference between the two years is clearly illustrated by this pair of satellite images, collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS [ http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov ]) on NASA's Aqua [ http://aqua.nasa.gov/ ] (top image) and Terra [ http://terra.nasa.gov/ ] (lower image) satellites. The images were made with both visible and infrared light to highlight the presence of water of the ground. In this type of image, water is typically black or dark blue, but sediment can give it a lighter color. Clouds are turquoise, plant-covered land is bright green, and bare or sparsely vegetated ground is tan-pink. The rain-induced floods of 2006 were visible in Tanzania on December 4, when MODIS captured the top image. In the image, Tanzania's Wembere River and surrounding waterways are swollen to such an extent that the shores of Lake Kitangiri are swallowed in the floods. According to the United Nations Integrated Regional Information Networks, [ http://allafrica.com/stories/200612050387.html ] floods in this region and the area to its immediate north submerged at least five villages, affecting about 177 people and killing one. A year earlier, on December 1, 2005, the rivers were barely visible, and both Lake Eyasi and Lake Kitangiri were much smaller. In the drought conditions that prevailed in 2005, the land was bare, with little vegetation growing, and skies were relatively clear. The heavy rains that produced floods in 2006 also brought green to the landscape and left large clouds overhead. NASA images created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data provided courtesy of the MODIS Rapid Response [ http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ] team and the Level 1 and Atmospheric Archive Distribution System. [ http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/ ]
Floods in East Africa
Title Floods in East Africa
Description December typically marks the end of the short rainy season in eastern Africa. By mid- to late December, the rains subside until March, when the long rainy season begins. Fluctuations in the amount of rain that falls during the short rainy season are normal, and in 2006, the rains were more intense than normal. The heavy rains triggered deadly floods from Somalia to Tanzania. In 2005, by contrast, the rains failed, and drought ensued. The difference between the two years is clearly illustrated by this pair of satellite images, collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS [ http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov ]) on NASA's Aqua [ http://aqua.nasa.gov/ ] (top image) and Terra [ http://terra.nasa.gov/ ] (lower image) satellites. The images were made with both visible and infrared light to highlight the presence of water of the ground. In this type of image, water is typically black or dark blue, but sediment can give it a lighter color. Clouds are turquoise, plant-covered land is bright green, and bare or sparsely vegetated ground is tan-pink. The rain-induced floods of 2006 were visible in Tanzania on December 4, when MODIS captured the top image. In the image, Tanzania's Wembere River and surrounding waterways are swollen to such an extent that the shores of Lake Kitangiri are swallowed in the floods. According to the United Nations Integrated Regional Information Networks, [ http://allafrica.com/stories/200612050387.html ] floods in this region and the area to its immediate north submerged at least five villages, affecting about 177 people and killing one. A year earlier, on December 1, 2005, the rivers were barely visible, and both Lake Eyasi and Lake Kitangiri were much smaller. In the drought conditions that prevailed in 2005, the land was bare, with little vegetation growing, and skies were relatively clear. The heavy rains that produced floods in 2006 also brought green to the landscape and left large clouds overhead. NASA images created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data provided courtesy of the MODIS Rapid Response [ http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ] team and the Level 1 and Atmospheric Archive Distribution System. [ http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/ ]
Nalubaale Dam, Uganda: Image …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
Dam KML file for use with ea …
nalubaale_etm_2001331
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2001-11-27
creator NASA -- NASA image by Robert Simmon, based on landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Landsat-7 data provided by the UMD glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml Global Land Cover Facility.
identifier nalubaale_etm_2001331
Flooding in Eastern Africa: …
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
During the first two weeks o …
tanzania_m2002133
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2002-05-13
creator NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day
identifier tanzania_m2002133
East Africa Greens Up from H …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
After devastating drought in …
eafricandvia_spt_200611
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2006
creator NASA -- NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data provided courtesy of the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service and processed by Jenn Small and Assaf Anyamba of the ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/gimms/htdocs/ GIMMS Group at NASA GSFC.
identifier eafricandvia_spt_200611
East Africa Greens Up from H …
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
After devastating drought in …
ge_17782
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2006-11-30
creator NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day
identifier ge_17782
East Africa Greens Up from H …
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
After devastating drought in …
ge_17782
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2006-11-30
creator NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day
identifier ge_17782
East Africa Greens Up from H …
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
After devastating drought in …
ge_17782
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2006-11-30
creator NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day
identifier ge_17782
Drought in Eastern Africa: I …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
In eastern Africa, most area …
africandvia_spt_200602_palet …
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2006
creator NASA -- NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using data provided courtesy of Jennifer Small, NASA ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/gimms/htdocs/ GIMMS Group at Goddard Space Flight Center.
identifier africandvia_spt_200602_palette
Drought in Eastern Africa: I …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
In eastern Africa, most area …
africandvia_spt_200602_palet …
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2006
creator NASA -- NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using data provided courtesy of Jennifer Small, NASA ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/gimms/htdocs/ GIMMS Group at Goddard Space Flight Center.
identifier africandvia_spt_200602_palette
Drought in Eastern Africa: I …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
In eastern Africa, most area …
africandvia_spt_200602_palet …
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2006
creator NASA -- NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using data provided courtesy of Jennifer Small, NASA ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/gimms/htdocs/ GIMMS Group at Goddard Space Flight Center.
identifier africandvia_spt_200602_palette
Drought in Eastern Africa: I …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
In eastern Africa, most area …
africandvia_spt_200602_palet …
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2006
creator NASA -- NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using data provided courtesy of Jennifer Small, NASA ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/gimms/htdocs/ GIMMS Group at Goddard Space Flight Center.
identifier africandvia_spt_200602_palette
Kilimanjaro: Image of the Da …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
Portions of Kenya and Tanzan …
landsat_art_kilimanjro
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2000-02-21
creator NASA -- Image provided by the edc.usgs.gov/ USGS EROS Data Center Satellite Systems Branch. This image is part of the ongoing Landsat edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/l7dhf/ias_folder/images/artscene/artscene.html Earth as Art series.
identifier landsat_art_kilimanjro
Drought in East Africa: Natu …
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
The failure of the short-sea …
eafrica_tmo_2005353_palette
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2005-12-19
creator NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day
identifier eafrica_tmo_2005353_palette
Drought in East Africa: Natu …
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
The failure of the short-sea …
eafrica_tmo_2005353_palette
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2005-12-19
creator NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day
identifier eafrica_tmo_2005353_palette
Africa in SRTM 3-D, Anaglyph …
PIA04964
Sol (our sun)
C-Band Interferometric Radar …
Title Africa in SRTM 3-D, Anaglyph of Shaded Relief
Original Caption Released with Image This stereoscopic shaded relief image shows Africa's topography as measured by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) in February 2000. Also shown are Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula, and other adjacent regions. Previously, much of the topography here was not mapped in detail. Digital elevation data, such as provided by SRTM, are in high demand by scientists studying earthquakes, volcanism, and erosion patterns and for use in mapping and modeling hazards to human habitation. But the shape of Earth's surface affects nearly every natural process and human endeavor that occurs there, so elevation data are used in a wide range of applications. The image shown here is greatly reduced from the original data resolution, but still provides a good overview of the continent's landforms. It is best viewed while panning at full resolution while using image display software. The northern part of the continent consists of a system of basins and plateaus, with several volcanic uplands whose uplift has been matched by subsidence in the large surrounding basins. Many of these basins have been infilled with sand and gravel, creating the vast Saharan lands. The Atlas Mountains in the northwest were created by convergence of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates. The geography of the central latitudes of Africa is dominated by the Great Rift Valley, extending from Lake Nyasa to the Red Sea, and splitting into two arms to enclose an interior plateau and the nearly circular Lake Victoria, visible in the right center of the image. To the west lies the Congo Basin, a vast, shallow depression that rises to form an almost circular rim of highlands. Most of the southern part of the continent rests on a concave plateau comprising the Kalahari Basin and a mountainous fringe, skirted by a coastal plain that widens out in Mozambique in the southeast. Specific noteworthy features one may wish to explore in this scene include (1) the Richat Structure in Mauritania, a "bull's eye" geologic structure, (2) the Velingara Ring in Senegal, a possible meteorite impact crater, (3) the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, (4) the Cameroon Line of volcanoes, crossing Cameroon and extending offshore, (5) long linear mountain ridges crossing the southern end of Africa, (6) Mount Kilimanjaro and neighboring volcanoes in Kenya and Tanzania, (7) the Afar Triangle in Ethiopia, Djibouti, and vicinity, where Earth's crust is being pulled in three directions by tectonic forces, (8) the Dead Sea fault line, between Israel and Jordan, (9) ancient shorelines, inland from the coast of Libya, and (10) vast seas of sand dunes, particularly across the Sahara Desert and much of the Arabian Peninsula. This anaglyph was created by deriving a shaded relief image from the SRTM data, draping it back over the SRTM elevation model, and then generating two differing perspectives, one for each eye. Illumination is from the north (top). When viewed through special glasses, the anaglyph is a, vertically exaggerated view of the Earth's surface in its full three dimensions. Anaglyph glasses cover the left eye with a red filter and cover the right eye with a blue filter. Elevation data used in this image were acquired by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour, launched on February 11, 2000. SRTM used the same radar instrument that comprised the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew twice on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994. SRTM was designed to collect three-dimensional measurements of the Earth's surface. To collect the 3-D data, engineers added a 60-meter-long (200-foot) mast, installed additional C-band and X-band antennas, and improved tracking and navigation devices. The mission is a cooperative project between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the German and Italian space agencies. It is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, Washington, D.C. Orientation: North toward the top, Mercator projection Image Data: Shaded SRTM elevation model Date Acquired: February 2000
STS-57 Earth observation of …
Title STS-57 Earth observation of Lake Victoria, Africa
Description STS-57 Earth observation taken aboard Endeavour, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105, is of Africa's Lake Victoria, which sits in the middle of the East African Rift Valley System.Lake Victoria is a major resource in eastern Africa, especially to the countries bordering the lake -- Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. Typical summer indicators in equatorial Africa -- puffy clouds over land mass and clear skies over the lakes -- are in the view. Lake Albert in the western section of the Rift Valley and Lake Turkana in the eastern section can be seen to the west and east of Lake Victoria, respectively. Most of the other features on the right are obscured by clouds. NASA scientists studying the STS-57 Earth photography point out that the wide perspective of this scene gives a sense of the three-dimensional profile of the whole rift system. The scientists cite the way in which the component valleys of the rift system ramp up to Lake Victoria on either side.
Date Taken 1993-07-01
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