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Official STS-107 Crew Photo
| Title |
Official STS-107 Crew Photo |
| Full Description |
This is the official crew photo from Mission STS-107 on the Space Shuttle Columbia. From left to right are Mission Specialist David Brown, Commander Rick Husband, Mission Specialist Laurel Clark, Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla, Mission Specialist Michael Anderson, Pilot William McCool, and Israeli Payload Specialist Ilan Ramon. For more information on STS-107, please see GRIN Columbia General Explanation [ http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GRINColumbiaGenExpl.html ] |
| Date |
01/01/2002 |
| NASA Center |
Johnson Space Center |
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First Class of Female Astron
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| Title |
First Class of Female Astronauts |
| Full Description |
From left to right are Shannon W. Lucid, Margaret Rhea Seddon, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Judith A. Resnik, Anna L. Fisher, and Sally K. Ride. NASA selected all six women as their first female astronaut candidates in January 1978, allowing them to enroll in a training program that they completed in August 1979. Shannon W. Lucid was born on January 14, 1943 in Shanghai, China but considers Bethany, Oklahoma to be her hometown. She spent many years at the University of Oklahoma, receiving a Bachelor in chemistry in 1963, a Master in biochemistry in 1970, and a Doctorate in biochemistry in 1973. Dr. Lucid flew on the STS-51G Discovery, STS-34 Atlantis, STS-43 Atlantis, and STS-58 Columbia shuttle missions, setting the record for female astronauts by logging 838 hours and 54 minutes in space. She also currently holds the United States single mission space flight endurance record for her 188 days on the Russian Space Station Mir. From February 2002 to September 2003, she served as chief scientist at NASA Headquarters before returning to JSC to help with the Return to Flight program after the STS-107 accident. Born November 8, 1947, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Margaret Rhea Seddon received a Doctorate of Medicine in 1973 from the University of Tennessee. She flew on space missions STS-51 Discovery, STS-40 Columbia, and STS-58 Columbia for a total of over 722 hours in space. Dr. Seddon retired from NASA in November 1997, taking on a position as the Assistant Chief Medical Officer of the Vanderbilt Medical Group in Nashville, Tennessee. Kathryn Sullivan was born October 3, 1951 in Patterson, New Jersey but considers Woodland Hills, California to be her hometown. She received a Bachelor in Earth Sciences from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1973 and a Doctorate in Geology from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1978. She flew on space missions STS-41G, STS-31, and STS-45 and logged a total of 532 hours in space. Dr. Sullivan left NASA in August 1992 to assume the position of Chief Scientist of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). She later went on to serve as President and CEO of the Center of Science and Industry in Columbus, Ohio. Dr. Judith Resnik was born April 5, 1949 in Akron, Ohio. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1970, and a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering from University of Maryland in 1977. Dr. Resnik left a job as a senior systems engineer in product development with Xerox Corporation at El Segundo, California to work for NASA in 1978. She died on January 28, 1986 on her second mission, during the launch of Challenger STS-51-L. Anna Fisher was born August 24, 1949 in New York City, New York hometown. She received a Doctorate in Medicine in 1976 and a Master of Science in Chemistry in 1987, both from the University of California, Los Angeles. Dr. Fisher flew on STS-51A, the Space Shuttle Discovery's November 8, 1984, mission, and logged 192 hours in space, her second schedule mission was cancelled after the Space Shuttle Challenger STS-51L accident. She remains with NASA, where she has filled many positions over decades of service. Dr. Sally Ride was the first American woman in space. Born on May 26, 1951 in Los Angeles, California, she went on to receive a Bachelor in Physics and English in 1973 from Stanford University and, later, a Master in Physics in 1975 and a Doctorate in Physics in 1978, also from Stanford. She began her astronaut career as a mission specialist on STS-7, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on June 18, 1983, and later went on to fly on STS-41G. She withdrew from training for her third scheduled mission in order to serve on the investigative committee for the Space Shuttle Challenger accident and never returned to training, although she went on to work for headquarters and later to serve on the Columbia Accident Investigation Board before returning to the private sector as a physics professor. |
| Date |
02/28/1979 |
| NASA Center |
Johnson Space Center |
|
STS-107 Crew in front of T-3
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| Title |
STS-107 Crew in front of T-38 |
| Full Description |
The STS-107 crewmembers pose for an informal crew portrait near a T-38 trainer jet at Ellington Field near Johnson Space Center. From the left are astronauts Rick D. Husband, mission Commander, William C. McCool, pilot, David M. Brown, Laurel B. Clark, both mission Specialists, payload specialist Ilan Ramon, Michael P. Anderson and Kalpana Chawla, both mission specialists. For more information on STS-107, please see GRIN Columbia General Explanation [ http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GRINColumbiaGenExpl.html ] |
| Date |
07/25/2002 |
| NASA Center |
Johnson Space Center |
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ACD02-0036-102
RCC (Reinforced Carbon-Carbo
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4/10/02
| Description |
RCC (Reinforced Carbon-Carbon) Johnson Space Center model testing in Ames interactive Heating Facility IHF-127 (data run 27) |
| Date |
4/10/02 |
|
ACD02-0141-002
Human Robotic (Virtual) stud
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7/25/02
| Description |
Human Robotic (Virtual) study of Houghton crater from NASA AMES Future Flight Central (FFC) Simulator tower L-R: Dr Stephen Hoffman, JSC (seated), Dr. Kelly Snook, Ames/JSC: Dr Jeffry Moersch, Univ of Tenn, and Dr Jim Saunders, Auburn |
| Date |
7/25/02 |
|
X-38 research aircraft remov
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X-38 research aircraft - sec
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X-38 research aircraft - Fir
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X-38 vehicle descending towa
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X-38 research aircraft deorb
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X-38 research aircraft landi
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X-38 research aircraft launc
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STS-118 Astronaut Barbara Mo
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| Name of Image |
STS-118 Astronaut Barbara Morgan |
| Date of Image |
2007-10-18 |
| Full Description |
Barbara R. Morgan (center), STS-118 astronaut and mission specialist, dons a training version of her shuttle launch and entry suit, prior to the start of a mission training exercise in the Space Vehicle Mock Up Facility at Johnson Space Center. United Space Alliance (USA) personnel were on hand to assist Morgan. Morgan was chosen as the first educator to become a mission specialist astronaut in 2002. The Educator Astronaut Project evolved from the Teacher in Space Project. Both aimed to engage and attract students to explore the excitement and wonder of space flight and to inspire and support educators. Morgan's primary duty was the same as it is for the entire crew, accomplish the planned objectives of the station assembly mission. But she also took part in several education-related activities. |
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Prostate tumor grown in NASA
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| Name of Image |
Prostate tumor grown in NASA Bioreactor |
| Date of Image |
2001-05-15 |
| Full Description |
This prostate cancer construct was grown during NASA-sponsored bioreactor studies on Earth. Cells are attached to a biodegradable plastic lattice that gives them a head start in growth. Prostate tumor cells are to be grown in a NASA-sponsored Bioreactor experiment aboard the STS-107 Research-1 mission in 2002. Dr. Leland Chung of the University of Virginia is the principal investigator. The NASA Bioreactor provides a low turbulence culture environment which promotes the formation of large, three-dimensional cell clusters. Due to their high level of cellular organization and specialization, samples constructed in the bioreactor more closely resemble the original tumor or tissue found in the body. The Bioreactor is rotated to provide gentle mixing of fresh and spent nutrient without inducing shear forces that would damage the cells. The work is sponsored by NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research. The bioreactor is managed by the Biotechnology Cell Science Program at NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC). NASA-sponsored bioreactor research has been instrumental in helping scientists to better understand normal and cancerous tissue development. In cooperation with the medical community, the bioreactor design is being used to prepare better models of human colon, prostate, breast and ovarian tumors. Cartilage, bone marrow, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, pancreatic islet cells, liver and kidney are just a few of the normal tissues being cultured in rotating bioreactors by investigators. Credit: NASA and the University of Virginia. |
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Mission STS-113 Crew
| Name of Image |
Mission STS-113 Crew |
| Date of Image |
2002-03-25 |
| Full Description |
Pictured is the crew for the Shuttle Endeavor STS-113 mission snapped during a training session in the Space Vehicle Mockup Facility at the Johnson Space Center. From the left are Astronauts James D. Wetherbee, STS-113 mission commander, Christopher J. (Gus) Loria, pilot, Michael E. Lopez-Alegria and John B. Herrington, mission specialists, Kerneth D. Bowersox, Expedition Six mission commander, Cosmonaut Nikloai M. Budarin and astronaut Donald A. Thomas, Expedition Six Flight Engineers. The 16th American assembly flight and 112th overall American flight to the International Space Station (ISS), STS-113 mission objectives included the delivery of the Expedition Six Crew to the ISS, the return of Expedition Five back to Earth, and the installation and activation of the Port 1 Integrated Truss Assembly (P1). The first major component installed on the left side of the Station, the P1 truss provides an additional three External Thermal Control System radiators. Weighing in at 27,506 pounds, the P1 truss is 45 feet (13.7 meters) long, 15 feet (4.6 meters) wide, and 13 feet (4 meters) high. Three space walks, aided by the use of the Robotic Manipulator Systems of both the Shuttle and the Station, were performed in the installation of P1. Also, more than 2,500 pounds (1,134 kilograms) of cargo were transferred between the Shuttle and Station. The Space Shuttle Orbiter Endeavor launched on November 23, 2002 from Kennedy's launch pad 39A and returned 11 days later on December 4, 2002. |
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Bullock Fire
| Title |
Bullock Fire |
| Description |
This image of the Bullock Fire was taken by the crew of the International Space Station using a digital camera on May 23, 2002, two days after the fire began. By May 25, fighting the fire was listed as the top national priority. The mountainous region of the Coronado National Forest, northeast of Tucson, Arizona, is highlighted by the low sun angle when the photograph was taken. Around 30,560 acres were consumed by the blaze (which was 85% contained by June 3) but it is still considered dangerous. Data and maps on the Bullock fire can be found at the Coronado National Forest Website. [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/cgi-bin/redirect?http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/coronado/bullock/maps/index.html ] Image ISS004-E-12328, [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?UID=SSEOP&PWD=sseop&mission=ISS004&roll=E&frame=12328 ] was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ ] at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/ ] |
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Bullock Fire
| Title |
Bullock Fire |
| Description |
This image of the Bullock Fire was taken by the crew of the International Space Station using a digital camera on May 23, 2002, two days after the fire began. By May 25, fighting the fire was listed as the top national priority. The mountainous region of the Coronado National Forest, northeast of Tucson, Arizona, is highlighted by the low sun angle when the photograph was taken. Around 30,560 acres were consumed by the blaze (which was 85% contained by June 3) but it is still considered dangerous. Data and maps on the Bullock fire can be found at the Coronado National Forest Website. [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/cgi-bin/redirect?http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/coronado/bullock/maps/index.html ] Image ISS004-E-12328, [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?UID=SSEOP&PWD=sseop&mission=ISS004&roll=E&frame=12328 ] was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ ] at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/ ] |
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Kharg Island, Iran
| Title |
Kharg Island, Iran |
| Description |
high resolution 1000 pixel-wide image (1.2 MB JPEG) Kharg Island is Iran's primary oil export terminal in the Persian Gulf. This rocky limestone island is unique because it is one of the few islands in the Persian Gulf with freshwater which has collected within the porous limestone. In addition to its commercial and strategic importance, the freshwater has biological importance, supporting populations of gazelles. This high-resolution photograph taken by astronauts [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/IssRemoteSensing/ ] on board the International Space Station shows detail of the tanker dock facilities, tanks and other infrastructure. Sunglint on the surface of the water highlights small amounts of oil on the sea surface and reveals the direction of the local currents.ISS005-E-11900, [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=ISS005& roll=E&frame=11900 ] taken 31 August 2002, was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ ] |
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Namibia
| Title |
Namibia |
| Description |
On the southwest coast of Africa, the soft orange sands of Namibia's coastal desert rise to a rugged interior plateau, with outcroppings of colorful rocks and pale green vegetation. The large coastal desert is one of the oldest in the world, and is caused by a cool ocean current, called the Benguela Current, snaking its way up from the south along southern Africa's Atlantic Coast. The cold current suppresses rainfall, but contributes to a morning fog that becomes trapped on the surface of some dunes and provides enough moisture for sparse vegetation to grow in some places. The dunes, pushed up by strong onshore winds, are the highest sand dunes in the world—as high as 300 to 350 meters (1000 to 1167 feet) in places. Rows of linear sand dunes can be seen as alternating ripples of darker and lighter orange in the center of the image. The dune shapes become more chaotic surrounding the mud plain where a river runs down out of the plateau (left of center), but doesn't make it to the ocean. This image combines observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on June 8 and August 9, 2002, with topographic information provided by the U.S. Geological Survey's GTOPO30 Digital Elevation Model. The vertical scale has been exaggerated to show more detail of the topography. For another look at the area, check out Astronaut Photo STS103-732-5. Image by Frank Eckardt, Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, based on data from the MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC |
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Fires in Central and Souther
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| Title |
Fires in Central and Southern Africa |
| Description |
Fire scars and smoke plumes result from biomass burning in the savannas of southern Democratic Republic of Congo. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station observed the seasonal increase in savanna burning, which traditionally peaks in June in southern Democratic Republic of Congo. This image, taken on May 16, 2002, is centered near 8.6S, 27.4 E. These fires, likely the result of human activities, are thought to contribute significant emissions to the atmosphere (Cahoon, et al, 1992). The darker area in the foreground is a more heavily wooded hillside, most burning occurs in the grassier savannas which appear red-brown. Additional Information Seasonal distribution of African savanna fires, Cahoon, J., Stocks, B., Levine, J., Cofer, W., O?Neill, K. , 1992, Nature v.359, p. 812 Astronaut photograph ISS004-E-11958 was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC |
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Rio de Janeiro
| Title |
Rio de Janeiro |
| Description |
A dengue fever outbreak has plagued Rio de Janeiro since January 2002. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease. The elimination of standing water, which is a breeding ground for the mosquitoes, is a primary defense against mosquito-borne diseases like dengue. Removing such water remains a difficult problem in many urban regions. The International Space Station astronauts took this image (ISS001-E-5418) [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=ISS001&roll=E&frame=5418 ] of Rio de Janeiro in December 2000. Image provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ ] at Johnson Space Center (JSC). Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/ ] |
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Rio de Janeiro
| Title |
Rio de Janeiro |
| Description |
A dengue fever outbreak has plagued Rio de Janeiro since January 2002. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease. The elimination of standing water, which is a breeding ground for the mosquitoes, is a primary defense against mosquito-borne diseases like dengue. Removing such water remains a difficult problem in many urban regions. The International Space Station astronauts took this image (ISS001-E-5418) [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=ISS001&roll=E&frame=5418 ] of Rio de Janeiro in December 2000. Image provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ ] at Johnson Space Center (JSC). Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/ ] |
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Rocky Mountain Fires
| Title |
Rocky Mountain Fires |
| Description |
This photograph taken by the new International Space Station crew on June 18, 2002, shows the Hayman Fire burning in the foothills southwest of Denver. Astronauts use a variety of lenses and look angles as their orbits pass over wildfires to document the long-distance movements of smoke from the fires as well as details of the burning areas. In this perspective view, you can see Littleton, Chatfield Lake and the Arkansas River. Astronaut photograph ISS005-E-5419 was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. |
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Rocky Mountain Fires
| Title |
Rocky Mountain Fires |
| Description |
This photograph taken by the new International Space Station crew on June 18, 2002, shows the eastern flank of the Hayman Fire burning in the foothills southwest of Denver. Astronauts use a variety of lenses and look angles as their orbits pass over wildfires to document the long-distance movements of smoke from the fires as well as details of the burning areas. In this detail view, you can see multiple smoke source points along the as the fire moves across the rough terrain. Astronaut photograph ISS005-E-5416 was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. |
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Russian Kolka Glacier Collap
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| Title |
Russian Kolka Glacier Collapses |
| Description |
Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ ]., This photograph of Mt. Kazbek was taken from the International Space Station on August 13, 2002. The astronauts and cosmonauts took the photograph at the request of the Russian URAGAN Project, which is studying changes in the world?s glaciers in response to global climate change. Although scientists have predicted the possibility of large glacial collapses as the climate warms, no one predicted that tragedy would strike the mountain village of Karmadon, a little more than a month later. On September 20, a collapse of a hanging glacier from the slope of Mt. Dzhimarai-Khokh onto the Kolka Glacier triggered an avalanche of ice and debris that went over the Maili Glacier terminus then slid more than 15 miles (24 km). The avalanche buried small villages in the Russian Republic of North Ossetia, killing dozens of people. Where the ice stopped, the glacial debris flow dammed rivers further below. Several lakes formed and one of them flooded a village. These lakes are now threatening to burst and form debris flows. This photograph shows the lower part of the Kolka Glacier terminus, onto which the glacier from Mt Dzhimarai-Khokh collapsed?the mountain itself is further to the west. However, the Maili Glacier and its terminus, as well as the upper part of the Genaldon River valley that was filled by the debris slide, can be seen clearly in the photo. In this very detailed view, Karmadon is much further to the North. Exactly 100 years ago, in 1902, the same kind of catastrophe happened in this valley, killing 32 people. In 1969, Kolka Glacier surged but there were no casualties and the villages were not affected. The 1969 surge was studied by a special expedition, but after the glacier stabilized, research in the area stopped. Researchers concluded that the 1902 catastrophe was also the result of a glacier surge. However, the latest data on the 2002 catastrophe raise doubts about this conclusion?it is possible that the 1902 event resulted from a similar cascade of collapses. Russian scientists?including Olga Tutubalina, University of Cambridge [ http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/~ovt20/ ], Dmitry Petrakov [ mailto:glaciar@mail.ru ], Sergei Chernomorets [ mailto:chernom@dataforce.net ] (Moscow State University), and Lev Dessinov, Russian Academy of Sciences?have been cooperating with the NASA Crew Earth Observations Project to help interpret detailed glacier imagery captured from space. International Space Station crewmembers are surveying glaciers around the world using their low orbit and high-magnification lenses to get high-spatial-resolution images. Astronaut photograph ISS005-E-9691 [ http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=ISS005&roll=E&frame=9691 ] was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC |
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Santa Maria Volcano, Guatema
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| Title |
Santa Maria Volcano, Guatemala |
| Description |
The eruption of Santa Maria volcano in 1902 was one of the largest eruptions of the 20th century, forming a large crater on the mountain?s southwest flank. Since 1922, a lava-dome complex, Santiaguito, has been forming in the 1902 crater. Growth of the dome has produced pyroclastic flows as recently as the 2001?they can be identified in this image. The city of Quezaltenango (approximately 90,000 people in 1989) sits below the 3772 m summit. The volcano is considered dangerous because of the possibility of a dome collapse such as one that occurred in 1929, which killed about 5000 people. A second hazard results from the flow of volcanic debris into rivers south of Santiaguito, which can lead to catastrophic flooding and mud flows. More information on this volcano can be found at web sites maintained by the Smithsonian Institution [ /cgi-bin/redirect?http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/volcano/region14/ guatemal/santamar/var.htm ], Volcano World [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/guat/santa_maria.html ], and Michigan Tech University [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/santamaria/ ]. ISS004-ESC-7999 was taken 17 February 2002 from the International Space Station using a digital camera. The image is provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ ] at Johnson Space Center. Searching and viewing of additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts is available at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/ ] |
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Thunderstorms over Brazil
| Title |
Thunderstorms over Brazil |
| Description |
This photograph, acquired in February 1984 by an astronaut aboard the space shuttle, shows a series of mature thunderstorms located near the Parana River in southern Brazil. With abundant warm temperatures and moisture-laden air in this part of Brazil, large thunderstorms are commonplace. A number of overshooting tops and anvil clouds are visible at the tops of the clouds. Storms of this magnitude can drop large amounts of rainfall in a short period of time, causing flash floods. However, a NASA-funded researcher has discovered that tiny airborne particles of pollution may modify developing thunderclouds by increasing the quantity and reducing the size of the ice crystals within them. These modifications may affect the clouds? impact on the Earth?s ?radiation budget,? or the amount of radiation that enters and leaves our planet. Steven Sherwood, a professor at Yale University, found that airborne aerosols reduce the size of ice crystals in thunderclouds and may reduce precipitation as well. Using several satellites and instruments including NASA?s Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and NASA?s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, Sherwood observed how airborne pollution particles (aerosols) affect large thunderstorms, or cumulonimbus clouds in the tropics. Common aerosols include mineral dust, smoke, and sulfates. An increased number of these particles create a larger number of smaller ice crystals in cumulonimbus clouds. As a result of their smaller size, the ice crystals evaporate from a solid state directly into a gas, instead of falling as rain. Sherwood noted that this effect is more prevalent over land than open ocean areas. Previous research by Daniel Rosenfeld of Hebrew University revealed that aerosols and pollution reduced rainfall in shallow cumulus clouds of liquid water, which do not have the capability to produce as much rainfall. Sherwood expanded on that research by looking at cumulonimbus clouds with more ice particles. Studies have also proven that ice particles are smaller in the upper reaches of thunderclouds when there is more pollution and when the rising air in the clouds (convection) is stronger. Aerosols seem to have the most influence on seasonal and longer timescales such as during the warmer months when plants and undergrowth are burned to clear fields. Over areas where biomass burning occurs, such as South America, aerosols have been found to reduce the diameter of ice crystals in the clouds by as much as 20 percent. Areas over deserts, such as Africa's Sahel Region where dust is a primary aerosol, there was a 10 percent decrease in the diameter of ice crystals in cumulonimbus clouds. Aerosol particles are necessary for clouds to form, and it has been suspected that clouds might be altered by large concentrations of them. By looking at ten years of aerosol data and statistically analyzing many thunderclouds, Sherwood was able to confirm that they were affected. Sherwood found that ice, crystals are smaller in clouds over continents than oceans, which could be attributed to the amount of pollution generated over land. The highest values occur widely over Northern Africa, where desert dust and smoke from agricultural burning occur. Intermediate values prevail over much of Asia, through the Indonesia region and into the south Pacific. The largest ice crystal sizes were found over the eastern Pacific and southern Indian Oceans. Sherwood?s article, ?Aerosols and Ice Particle Size in Tropical Cumulonimbus,? appears in the May 1, 2002, issue of the American Meteorological Society "Journal of Climate". This work was performed under the NASA Earth Observing System/Interdisciplinary Science (IDS) program under the Earth Science Enterprise (ESE). Image STS41B-41-2347 [ http://earth.jsc.nasa.gov/photoinfo.cgi?PHOTO=STS41B-41-2347 ] was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ ] at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth [ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/redirect?http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/ ] |
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Wolf and Copper Fires Near L
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| Title |
Wolf and Copper Fires Near Los Angeles |
| Description |
This photograph taken from the International Space Station on June 7, 2002, shows the Wolf and Copper Fires burning in the hills outside Los Angeles. Astronauts use a variety of lenses and look angles as their orbits pass over wildfires to document the long-distance movements of smoke from the fires as well as details of the burning areas. In this persepctive view, you can see the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley at upper left, and the Channel Islands at lower left. In the background is the Mojave Desert. Astronaut photograph ISS004-E-13300 was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. |
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Wolf and Copper Fires Near L
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| Title |
Wolf and Copper Fires Near Los Angeles |
| Description |
This photograph taken from the International Space Station on June 7, 2002, shows the Copper Fire burning in the hills outside Los Angeles. Astronauts use a variety of lenses and look angles as their orbits pass over wildfires to document the long-distance movements of smoke from the fires as well as details of the burning areas. This image clearly illustrates the difficult, rugged terrain that firefighters must face when fighting these wildland fires. Astronaut photograph ISS004-E-13303 was provided by the Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory at Johnson Space Center. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA-JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. |
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Comparison of Martian Radiat
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| title |
Comparison of Martian Radiation Environment with International Space Station |
| Description |
This graphic shows the radiation dose equivalent as measured by Odyssey's Martian radiation environment experiment at Mars and by instruments aboard the International Space Station, for the 11-month period from April 2002 through February 2003. The accumulated total in Mars orbit is about two and a half times larger than that aboard the Space Station. Averaged over this time period, about 10 percent of the dose equivalent at Mars is due to solar particles, although a 30 percent contribution from solar particles was seen in July 2002, when the sun was particularly active. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The radiation experiment was provided by the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, Colo., is the prime contractor for the project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Credit: NASA/JPL/JSC |
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Radiation environment at Mar
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| title |
Radiation environment at Mars and Earth December 8, 2003 |
| Description |
This graphic shows the radiation dose equivalent as measured by Odyssey's martian radiation environment experiment at Mars and by instruments aboard the Earth-orbiting International Space Station (ISS), for the 18-month period from April 2002 through October 2003. The accumulated total in Mars orbit is just over two times larger than that aboard the Space Station. The bars where the Mars instrument's measurements are well above the average (as shown by the orange line) are months when there was significant solar activity, which increases the dose equivalent. Dose equivalent is expressed in units of milliSieverts per day. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington. The radiation experiment was provided by the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, Colo., is the prime contractor for the project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Credit: NASA/JPL/JSC ### |
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Bullock Fire: Natural Hazard
…
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
This image of the Bullock Fi
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ISS004E12328
| mediatype |
IMAGE |
| mediatype |
image |
| date |
2002-05-23 |
| creator |
NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day |
| identifier |
ISS004E12328 |
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Bullock Fire: Natural Hazard
…
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
This image of the Bullock Fi
…
ISS004E12328
| mediatype |
IMAGE |
| mediatype |
image |
| date |
2002-05-23 |
| creator |
NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day |
| identifier |
ISS004E12328 |
|
Russian Kolka Glacier Collap
…
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
This photograph of Mt. Kazbe
…
MtKazbek_ISS2002227
| mediatype |
IMAGE |
| mediatype |
image |
| date |
2002-08-13 |
| creator |
NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day |
| identifier |
MtKazbek_ISS2002227 |
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Fires in Central and Souther
…
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
Fire scars and smoke plumes
…
congo.ISS.2002may16
| mediatype |
IMAGE |
| mediatype |
image |
| date |
2002-05-16 |
| creator |
NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day |
| identifier |
congo.ISS.2002may16 |
|
Rocky Mountain Fires: Natura
…
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
This photograph taken by the
…
ISS005-E-5416
| mediatype |
IMAGE |
| mediatype |
image |
| date |
2002-06-18 |
| creator |
NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day |
| identifier |
ISS005-E-5416 |
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Wolf and Copper Fires Near L
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nasa, nasanaturalhazards
This photograph taken from t
…
Copper.ISS2002158
| mediatype |
IMAGE |
| mediatype |
image |
| date |
2002-06-07 |
| creator |
NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day |
| identifier |
Copper.ISS2002158 |
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Rocky Mountain Fires: Natura
…
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
This photograph taken by the
…
ISS005-E-5419
| mediatype |
IMAGE |
| mediatype |
image |
| date |
2002-06-18 |
| creator |
NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day |
| identifier |
ISS005-E-5419 |
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Wolf and Copper Fires Near L
…
nasa, nasanaturalhazards
This photograph taken from t
…
Wolf.ISS2002158
| mediatype |
IMAGE |
| mediatype |
image |
| date |
2002-06-07 |
| creator |
NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day |
| identifier |
Wolf.ISS2002158 |
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Fires in Mexico and Central
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nasa, nasanaturalhazards
The bright blue water of the
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ISS004-E-11078
| mediatype |
IMAGE |
| mediatype |
image |
| date |
2002-05-01 |
| creator |
NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day |
| identifier |
ISS004-E-11078 |
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Comparison of Martian Radiat
…
PIA04258
Sol (our sun)
Mars Radiation Experiment
| Title |
Comparison of Martian Radiation Environment with International Space Station |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
This graphic shows the radiation dose equivalent as measured by Odyssey's Martian radiation environment experiment at Mars and by instruments aboard the International Space Station, for the 11-month period from April 2002 through February 2003. The accumulated total in Mars orbit is about two and a half times larger than that aboard the Space Station. Averaged over this time period, about 10 percent of the dose equivalent at Mars is due to solar particles, although a 30 percent contribution from solar particles was seen in July 2002, when the sun was particularly active. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The radiation experiment was provided by the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, Colo., is the prime contractor for the project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. |
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Radiation Environment at Mar
…
PIA04909
Sol (our sun)
Mars Radiation Experiment
| Title |
Radiation Environment at Mars and Earth |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
December 8, 2003 This graphic shows the radiation dose equivalent as measured by Odyssey's martian radiation environment experiment at Mars and by instruments aboard the Earth-orbiting International Space Station (ISS), for the 18-month period from April 2002 through October 2003. The accumulated total in Mars orbit is just over two times larger than that aboard the Space Station. The bars where the Mars instrument's measurements are well above the average (as shown by the orange line) are months when there was significant solar activity, which increases the dose equivalent. Dose equivalent is expressed in units of milliSieverts per day. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington. The radiation experiment was provided by the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, Colo., is the prime contractor for the project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. |
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Odyssey/NS
PIA03744
Sol (our sun)
Gamma Ray Spectrometer Suite
| Title |
Odyssey/NS |
| Original Caption Released with Image |
These two views of Mars were made with data taken by the neutron spectrometer component of NASA's Mars Odyssey gamma ray spectrometer suite. These maps show epithermal neutron flux, which is sensitive to the amount of hydrogen present. The first view was made shortly after the Mars Odyssey science mission began in Feb. 2002, during late summer in the south. The magenta region in the south is due to large amounts of water ice buried a fraction of a meter beneath the surface. The amount of ice is approximately 60 percent by volume. At that time the buried ice in the north was not visible because it was covered with a thick cap of carbon dioxide (dry-ice) frost. The second view was made in November 2002 as Mars enters summer in the north. In this view the ice-rich regions in the north are now visible because the thick carbon dioxide frost has evaporated, and the ice-rich regions in the south are beginning to be obscured by the formation of wintertime seasonal frost. The ice content in the north is even greater than it is in the south, though it is not yet known by how much. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science in Washington, D.C. Investigators at Arizona State University in Tempe, the University of Arizona in Tucson and NASA's Johnson Space Center,Houston, operate the science instruments. The gamma-ray spectrometer was provided by the University of Arizona in collaboration with the Russian Aviation and Space Agency, which provided the high-energy neutron detector, and the Los Alamos National Laboratories, New Mexico, which provided the neutron spectrometer. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL. |
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| General Description |
International Space Station Imagery |
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| General Description |
International Space Station Imagery |
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| General Description |
International Space Station Imagery |
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| General Description |
International Space Station Imagery |
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| General Description |
International Space Station Imagery |
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| General Description |
International Space Station Imagery |
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| General Description |
STS-109 Shuttle Mission Imagery |
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