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Browse All : Images of Indonesia and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from 26 December 2004

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Breaking Tsunami Waves along …
PIA04372
Sol (our sun)
Multi-angle Imaging SpectroR …
Title Breaking Tsunami Waves along India's Eastern Coast
Original Caption Released with Image (3.8 MB) shows a region further south, at the northern end of India's Coromandel Coast, and covers an area of 43 kilometers x 58 kilometers. Cloud "motion" in these animations results from apparent displacements due to parallax associated with their height above the surface. The tsunami waves, on the other hand, are at sea level and show actual motion. When the waves arrive in the shallower water near the shore, they grow and, if they become large enough, they will break in a manner similar to typical oceanic waves, but on a much larger scale. The leading edge of the breaking waves is likely what is visible in the imagery. Additionally, if the tsunami waves impact the coast at an angle, they can produce what are known as "edge waves" which propagate parallel to the coast. There is clear evidence of edge wave generation in these images. Upon discovering the unique content of this imagery, MISR scientists contacted Dr. Vasily Titov at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle, WA. Dr. Titov is an expert in the propagation of tsunamis, and has generated a model animation of the tsunami's progression from its origin near Sumatra (see http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/indo_1204.html [ http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/indo_1204.html ]). The MISR imagery provides measurements of the location and timing of the breaking waves, their angle relative to the shoreline, and their speed of propagation, which is estimated from these data to be around 30 kilometers/hour. In conjunction with bathymetric measurements of ocean depth, this information can be used to refine and calibrate tsunami propagation models. According to Dr. Titov, improving these models has two primary benefits. First, a detailed understanding of wave interactions with coastal areas is necessary for developing damage mitigation approaches. Second, a better predictive capability of the models will make possible more accurate near-real-time forecasts of tsunami arrival times and effects. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer observes the daylit Earth continuously and every 9 days views the entire globe between 82° north and 82° south latitude. These data products were generated from a portion of the imagery acquired during Terra orbit 26720 and utilize data from within blocks 77 and 78 within World Reference System-2 path 142. MISR was built and is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Office of Earth Science, Washington, DC. The Terra satellite is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology., At 00:58:53 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) on 26 December 2004, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. This was the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and the largest in over 40 years. It was caused by the release of stresses in the Earth that are built up as the Indian tectonic plate descends into the mantle beneath the Burma plate. It is estimated that the sea floor was displaced several meters due to the quake, resulting in large ocean waves, called "tsunamis" from the Japanese for "harbor waves." The tsunami moved rapidly across the deep ocean, with speeds estimated around 640 km/hr. When the waves reach shallow water near land, they slow considerably, but their size increases dramatically and they strike with catastrophic force. With human casualities exceeding 150,000, this event is one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history, causing devastation along the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and other countries. The initial tsunami waves reached the eastern Indian coast around 3:35 UTC, based on tide gauge measurements made at the port city of Vishakapatnam. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aboard NASA's Terra satellite passed over the eastern Indian coast between 5:10 to 5:20 UTC, when the tide gauge indicated the arrival of another series of waves. Because MISR's nine cameras imaged the coast over a time span of about 7 minutes, and because the the waves are unusually large, MISR was able to capture unique time-lapse imagery of the breaking waves. The still image shows four frames from the instrument's backward-viewing cameras spanning a period of about 2.5 minutes. This scene is located along the shores of Andhra Pradesh, near the mouth of the Godavari River, and covers an area of 42 kilometers x 37 kilometers. The arrows show the progression of the southwestern edges of the breakers. A series of frames spanning nearly 6 minutes has been made into a small animated GIF (below). An animated GIF (5.8 MB) covering a somewhat larger area of 86 kilometers x 49 kilometers is also available. A second animated GIF
Breaking Tsunami Waves along …
PIA04372
Sol (our sun)
Multi-angle Imaging SpectroR …
Title Breaking Tsunami Waves along India's Eastern Coast
Original Caption Released with Image (3.8 MB) shows a region further south, at the northern end of India's Coromandel Coast, and covers an area of 43 kilometers x 58 kilometers. Cloud "motion" in these animations results from apparent displacements due to parallax associated with their height above the surface. The tsunami waves, on the other hand, are at sea level and show actual motion. When the waves arrive in the shallower water near the shore, they grow and, if they become large enough, they will break in a manner similar to typical oceanic waves, but on a much larger scale. The leading edge of the breaking waves is likely what is visible in the imagery. Additionally, if the tsunami waves impact the coast at an angle, they can produce what are known as "edge waves" which propagate parallel to the coast. There is clear evidence of edge wave generation in these images. Upon discovering the unique content of this imagery, MISR scientists contacted Dr. Vasily Titov at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle, WA. Dr. Titov is an expert in the propagation of tsunamis, and has generated a model animation of the tsunami's progression from its origin near Sumatra (see http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/indo_1204.html [ http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/indo_1204.html ]). The MISR imagery provides measurements of the location and timing of the breaking waves, their angle relative to the shoreline, and their speed of propagation, which is estimated from these data to be around 30 kilometers/hour. In conjunction with bathymetric measurements of ocean depth, this information can be used to refine and calibrate tsunami propagation models. According to Dr. Titov, improving these models has two primary benefits. First, a detailed understanding of wave interactions with coastal areas is necessary for developing damage mitigation approaches. Second, a better predictive capability of the models will make possible more accurate near-real-time forecasts of tsunami arrival times and effects. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer observes the daylit Earth continuously and every 9 days views the entire globe between 82° north and 82° south latitude. These data products were generated from a portion of the imagery acquired during Terra orbit 26720 and utilize data from within blocks 77 and 78 within World Reference System-2 path 142. MISR was built and is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Office of Earth Science, Washington, DC. The Terra satellite is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology., At 00:58:53 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) on 26 December 2004, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. This was the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and the largest in over 40 years. It was caused by the release of stresses in the Earth that are built up as the Indian tectonic plate descends into the mantle beneath the Burma plate. It is estimated that the sea floor was displaced several meters due to the quake, resulting in large ocean waves, called "tsunamis" from the Japanese for "harbor waves." The tsunami moved rapidly across the deep ocean, with speeds estimated around 640 km/hr. When the waves reach shallow water near land, they slow considerably, but their size increases dramatically and they strike with catastrophic force. With human casualities exceeding 150,000, this event is one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history, causing devastation along the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and other countries. The initial tsunami waves reached the eastern Indian coast around 3:35 UTC, based on tide gauge measurements made at the port city of Vishakapatnam. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aboard NASA's Terra satellite passed over the eastern Indian coast between 5:10 to 5:20 UTC, when the tide gauge indicated the arrival of another series of waves. Because MISR's nine cameras imaged the coast over a time span of about 7 minutes, and because the the waves are unusually large, MISR was able to capture unique time-lapse imagery of the breaking waves. The still image shows four frames from the instrument's backward-viewing cameras spanning a period of about 2.5 minutes. This scene is located along the shores of Andhra Pradesh, near the mouth of the Godavari River, and covers an area of 42 kilometers x 37 kilometers. The arrows show the progression of the southwestern edges of the breakers. A series of frames spanning nearly 6 minutes has been made into a small animated GIF (below). An animated GIF (5.8 MB) covering a somewhat larger area of 86 kilometers x 49 kilometers is also available. A second animated GIF
Breaking Tsunami Waves along …
PIA04372
Sol (our sun)
Multi-angle Imaging SpectroR …
Title Breaking Tsunami Waves along India's Eastern Coast
Original Caption Released with Image (3.8 MB) shows a region further south, at the northern end of India's Coromandel Coast, and covers an area of 43 kilometers x 58 kilometers. Cloud "motion" in these animations results from apparent displacements due to parallax associated with their height above the surface. The tsunami waves, on the other hand, are at sea level and show actual motion. When the waves arrive in the shallower water near the shore, they grow and, if they become large enough, they will break in a manner similar to typical oceanic waves, but on a much larger scale. The leading edge of the breaking waves is likely what is visible in the imagery. Additionally, if the tsunami waves impact the coast at an angle, they can produce what are known as "edge waves" which propagate parallel to the coast. There is clear evidence of edge wave generation in these images. Upon discovering the unique content of this imagery, MISR scientists contacted Dr. Vasily Titov at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle, WA. Dr. Titov is an expert in the propagation of tsunamis, and has generated a model animation of the tsunami's progression from its origin near Sumatra (see http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/indo_1204.html [ http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/indo_1204.html ]). The MISR imagery provides measurements of the location and timing of the breaking waves, their angle relative to the shoreline, and their speed of propagation, which is estimated from these data to be around 30 kilometers/hour. In conjunction with bathymetric measurements of ocean depth, this information can be used to refine and calibrate tsunami propagation models. According to Dr. Titov, improving these models has two primary benefits. First, a detailed understanding of wave interactions with coastal areas is necessary for developing damage mitigation approaches. Second, a better predictive capability of the models will make possible more accurate near-real-time forecasts of tsunami arrival times and effects. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer observes the daylit Earth continuously and every 9 days views the entire globe between 82° north and 82° south latitude. These data products were generated from a portion of the imagery acquired during Terra orbit 26720 and utilize data from within blocks 77 and 78 within World Reference System-2 path 142. MISR was built and is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Office of Earth Science, Washington, DC. The Terra satellite is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology., At 00:58:53 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) on 26 December 2004, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. This was the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and the largest in over 40 years. It was caused by the release of stresses in the Earth that are built up as the Indian tectonic plate descends into the mantle beneath the Burma plate. It is estimated that the sea floor was displaced several meters due to the quake, resulting in large ocean waves, called "tsunamis" from the Japanese for "harbor waves." The tsunami moved rapidly across the deep ocean, with speeds estimated around 640 km/hr. When the waves reach shallow water near land, they slow considerably, but their size increases dramatically and they strike with catastrophic force. With human casualities exceeding 150,000, this event is one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history, causing devastation along the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and other countries. The initial tsunami waves reached the eastern Indian coast around 3:35 UTC, based on tide gauge measurements made at the port city of Vishakapatnam. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aboard NASA's Terra satellite passed over the eastern Indian coast between 5:10 to 5:20 UTC, when the tide gauge indicated the arrival of another series of waves. Because MISR's nine cameras imaged the coast over a time span of about 7 minutes, and because the the waves are unusually large, MISR was able to capture unique time-lapse imagery of the breaking waves. The still image shows four frames from the instrument's backward-viewing cameras spanning a period of about 2.5 minutes. This scene is located along the shores of Andhra Pradesh, near the mouth of the Godavari River, and covers an area of 42 kilometers x 37 kilometers. The arrows show the progression of the southwestern edges of the breakers. A series of frames spanning nearly 6 minutes has been made into a small animated GIF (below). An animated GIF (5.8 MB) covering a somewhat larger area of 86 kilometers x 49 kilometers is also available. A second animated GIF
Breaking Tsunami Waves along …
PIA04372
Sol (our sun)
Multi-angle Imaging SpectroR …
Title Breaking Tsunami Waves along India's Eastern Coast
Original Caption Released with Image (3.8 MB) shows a region further south, at the northern end of India's Coromandel Coast, and covers an area of 43 kilometers x 58 kilometers. Cloud "motion" in these animations results from apparent displacements due to parallax associated with their height above the surface. The tsunami waves, on the other hand, are at sea level and show actual motion. When the waves arrive in the shallower water near the shore, they grow and, if they become large enough, they will break in a manner similar to typical oceanic waves, but on a much larger scale. The leading edge of the breaking waves is likely what is visible in the imagery. Additionally, if the tsunami waves impact the coast at an angle, they can produce what are known as "edge waves" which propagate parallel to the coast. There is clear evidence of edge wave generation in these images. Upon discovering the unique content of this imagery, MISR scientists contacted Dr. Vasily Titov at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle, WA. Dr. Titov is an expert in the propagation of tsunamis, and has generated a model animation of the tsunami's progression from its origin near Sumatra (see http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/indo_1204.html [ http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/indo_1204.html ]). The MISR imagery provides measurements of the location and timing of the breaking waves, their angle relative to the shoreline, and their speed of propagation, which is estimated from these data to be around 30 kilometers/hour. In conjunction with bathymetric measurements of ocean depth, this information can be used to refine and calibrate tsunami propagation models. According to Dr. Titov, improving these models has two primary benefits. First, a detailed understanding of wave interactions with coastal areas is necessary for developing damage mitigation approaches. Second, a better predictive capability of the models will make possible more accurate near-real-time forecasts of tsunami arrival times and effects. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer observes the daylit Earth continuously and every 9 days views the entire globe between 82° north and 82° south latitude. These data products were generated from a portion of the imagery acquired during Terra orbit 26720 and utilize data from within blocks 77 and 78 within World Reference System-2 path 142. MISR was built and is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Office of Earth Science, Washington, DC. The Terra satellite is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology., At 00:58:53 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) on 26 December 2004, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. This was the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and the largest in over 40 years. It was caused by the release of stresses in the Earth that are built up as the Indian tectonic plate descends into the mantle beneath the Burma plate. It is estimated that the sea floor was displaced several meters due to the quake, resulting in large ocean waves, called "tsunamis" from the Japanese for "harbor waves." The tsunami moved rapidly across the deep ocean, with speeds estimated around 640 km/hr. When the waves reach shallow water near land, they slow considerably, but their size increases dramatically and they strike with catastrophic force. With human casualities exceeding 150,000, this event is one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history, causing devastation along the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and other countries. The initial tsunami waves reached the eastern Indian coast around 3:35 UTC, based on tide gauge measurements made at the port city of Vishakapatnam. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aboard NASA's Terra satellite passed over the eastern Indian coast between 5:10 to 5:20 UTC, when the tide gauge indicated the arrival of another series of waves. Because MISR's nine cameras imaged the coast over a time span of about 7 minutes, and because the the waves are unusually large, MISR was able to capture unique time-lapse imagery of the breaking waves. The still image shows four frames from the instrument's backward-viewing cameras spanning a period of about 2.5 minutes. This scene is located along the shores of Andhra Pradesh, near the mouth of the Godavari River, and covers an area of 42 kilometers x 37 kilometers. The arrows show the progression of the southwestern edges of the breakers. A series of frames spanning nearly 6 minutes has been made into a small animated GIF (below). An animated GIF (5.8 MB) covering a somewhat larger area of 86 kilometers x 49 kilometers is also available. A second animated GIF
Deep Ocean Tsunami Waves off …
PIA04373
Sol (our sun)
Multi-angle Imaging SpectroR …
Title Deep Ocean Tsunami Waves off the Sri Lankan Coast
Original Caption Released with Image The initial tsunami waves resulting from the undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) on 26 December 2004 off the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, took a little over 2 hours to reach the teardrop-shaped island of Sri Lanka. Additional waves continued to arrive for many hours afterward. At approximately 05:15 UTC, as NASA's Terra satellite passed overhead, the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) captured this image of deep ocean tsunami waves about 30-40 kilometers from Sri Lanka's southwestern coast. The waves are made visible due to the effects of changes in sea-surface slope on the reflected sunglint pattern, shown here in MISR's 46° forward-pointing camera. Sunglint occurs when sunlight reflects off a water surface in much the same way light reflects off a mirror, and the position of the Sun, angle of observation, and orientation of the sea surface determines how bright each part of the ocean appears in the image. These large wave features were invisible to MISR's nadir (vertical-viewing) camera. The image covers an area of 208 kilometers x 207 kilometers. Since the greatest impact of the tsunami was generally in an east-west direction, the havoc caused by the tsunami along the southwestern shores of Sri Lanka was not as severe as along the eastern coast, though there was still substantial damage in this region--as evidenced by the brownish debris in the water--because tsunami waves can diffract around land masses. The ripple-like wave pattern evident in this MISR image roughly correlates with the undersea boundary of the continental shelf. This surface manifestation is likely to be caused by interaction of deep waves with the ocean floor, rather than by the more usually-observed surface waves driven by winds. It is possible that this semi-concentric pattern represents wave reflection from the continental land mass, however, a combination of wave modeling and detailed bathymetric data is required to fully understand the dynamics. Examination of other MISR images of this area, taken under similar illumination conditions, has not uncovered any surface patterns resembling those seen here. This image is an example of how MISR's multiangular capability provides unique information for understanding how tsunamis propagate. Another application of MISR data enabled measuring the motion of breaking tsunami waves [ http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/galhistory/2005_jan_12.html ], along the eastern shores of Andhra Pradesh, India. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer observes the daylit Earth continuously and every 9 days views the entire globe between 82° north and 82° south latitude. These data products were generated from a portion of the imagery acquired during Terra orbit 26720 and utilize data from within blocks 85 to 86 within World Reference System-2 path 142. MISR was built and is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Office of Earth Science, Washington, DC. The Terra satellite is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology.
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