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Neon Saturn
Description Neon Saturn
Full Description Flying over the unlit side of Saturn's rings, the Cassini spacecraft captures Saturn's glow, represented in brilliant shades of electric blue, sapphire and mint green, while the planet's shadow casts a wide net on the rings. This striking false-color mosaic was created from 25 images taken by Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer over a period of 13 hours, and captures Saturn in nighttime and daytime conditions. The visual and infrared mapping spectrometer acquires data simultaneously at 352 different wavelengths, or spectral channels. Data at wavelengths of 2.3, 3.0 and 5.1 microns were combined in the blue, green and red channels of a standard color image, respectively, to make this false-color mosaic. This image was acquired on Feb. 24, 2007, while the spacecraft was 1.58 million kilometers (1 million miles) from the planet and 34.6 degrees above the ring plane. The solar phase angle was 69.5 degrees. In this view, Cassini was looking down on the northern, unlit side of the rings, which are rendered visible by sunlight filtering through from the sunlit, southern face. On the night side (right side of image), with no sunlight, Saturn's own thermal radiation lights things up. This light at 5.1 microns wavelength (some seven times the longest wavelength visible to the human eye) is generated deep within Saturn, and works its way upward, eventually escaping into space. Thick clouds deep in the atmosphere block that light. An amazing array of dark streaks, spots, and globe-encircling bands is visible instead. Saturn's strong thermal glow at 5.1 microns even allows these deep clouds to be seen on portions of the dayside (left side), especially where overlying hazes are thin and the glint of the sun off of them is minimal. These deep clouds are likely made of ammonium hydrosulfide and cannot be seen in reflected light on the dayside, since the glint of the sun on overlying hazes and ammonia clouds blocks the view of this level. A pronounced difference in the brightness between the northern and southern hemispheres is apparent. The northern hemisphere is about twice as bright as the southern hemisphere. This is because high-level, fine particles are about half as prevalent in the northern hemisphere as in the south. These particles block Saturn's glow more strongly, making Saturn look brighter in the north. At 2.3 microns (shown in blue), the icy ring particles are highly reflecting, while methane gas in Saturn's atmosphere strongly absorbs sunlight and renders the planet very dark. At 3.0 microns (shown in green), the situation is reversed: water ice in the rings is strongly absorbing, while the planet's sunlit hemisphere is bright. Thus the rings appear blue in this representation, while the sunlit side of Saturn is greenish-yellow in color. Within the rings, the most opaque parts appear dark, while the more translucent regions are brighter. In particular, the opaque, normally-bright B ring appears here as a broad, dark band, separating the brighter A (outer) and C (inner) rings. At 5.1 microns (shown in red), reflected sunlight is weak and thus light from the planet is dominated by thermal (i.e., heat) radiation that wells up from the planet's deep atmosphere. This thermal emission dominates Saturn's dark side as well as the north polar region (where the hexagon is again visible) and the shadow cast by the A and B rings. Variable amounts of clouds in the planet's upper atmosphere block the thermal radiation, leading to a speckled and banded appearance, which is ever-shifting due to the planet's strong winds. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer team is based at the University of Arizona, where this image was produced. For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm. The visual and infrared mapping spectrometer team homepage is at http://wwwvims.lpl.arizona.edu. *Credit:* NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Date May 31, 2007
Saturn's Subtle Spectrum
Description Saturn's Subtle Spectrum
Full Description Dreamy colors ranging from pale rose to butterscotch to sapphire give this utterly inhospitable gas planet a romantic appeal. Shadows of the rings caress the northern latitudes whose blue color is presumed to be a seasonal effect. Enceladus (505 kilometers, or 314 miles across) hugs the ringplane right of center. Images taken using red, green and blue spectral filters were combined to create this color view, which approximates what the human eye would see. The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on March 16, 2006 at a distance of approximately 2.1 million kilometers (1.3 million miles) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 102 degrees. Image scale is 120 kilometers (75 miles) per pixel on Saturn. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov . The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org . Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
Date April 27, 2006
Neon Saturn
title Neon Saturn
date 02.24.2007
description Flying over the unlit side of Saturn's rings, the Cassini spacecraft captures Saturn's glow, represented in brilliant shades of electric blue, sapphire and mint green, while the planet's shadow casts a wide net on the rings. This striking false-color mosaic was created from 25 images taken by Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer over a period of 13 hours, and captures Saturn in nighttime and daytime conditions. The visual and infrared mapping spectrometer acquires data simultaneously at 352 different wavelengths, or spectral channels. Data at wavelengths of 2.3, 3.0 and 5.1 microns were combined in the blue, green and red channels of a standard color image, respectively, to make this false-color mosaic. This image was acquired on Feb. 24, 2007, while the spacecraft was 1.58 million kilometers (1 million miles) from the planet and 34.6 degrees above the ring plane. The solar phase angle was 69.5 degrees. In this view, Cassini was looking down on the northern, unlit side of the rings, which are rendered visible by sunlight filtering through from the sunlit, southern face. On the night side (right side of image), with no sunlight, Saturn's own thermal radiation lights things up. This light at 5.1 microns wavelength (some seven times the longest wavelength visible to the human eye) is generated deep within Saturn, and works its way upward, eventually escaping into space. Thick clouds deep in the atmosphere block that light. An amazing array of dark streaks, spots, and globe-encircling bands is visible instead. Saturn's strong thermal glow at 5.1 microns even allows these deep clouds to be seen on portions of the dayside (left side), especially where overlying hazes are thin and the glint of the sun off of them is minimal. These deep clouds are likely made of ammonium hydrosulfide and cannot be seen in reflected light on the dayside, since the glint of the sun on overlying hazes and ammonia clouds blocks the view of this level. A pronounced difference in the brightness between the northern and southern hemispheres is apparent. The northern hemisphere is about twice as bright as the southern hemisphere. This is because high-level, fine particles are about half as prevalent in the northern hemisphere as in the south. These particles block Saturn's glow more strongly, making Saturn look brighter in the north. At 2.3 microns (shown in blue), the icy ring particles are highly reflecting, while methane gas in Saturn's atmosphere strongly absorbs sunlight and renders the planet very dark. At 3.0 microns (shown in green), the situation is reversed: water ice in the rings is strongly absorbing, while the planet's sunlit hemisphere is bright. Thus the rings appear blue in this representation, while the sunlit side of Saturn is greenish-yellow in color. Within the rings, the most opaque parts appear dark, while the more translucent regions are brighter. In particular, the opaque, normally-bright B ring appears here as a broad, dark band, separating the brighter A (outer) and C (inner) rings. At 5.1 microns (shown in red), reflected sunlight is weak and thus light from the planet is dominated by thermal (i.e., heat) radiation that wells up from the planet's deep atmosphere. This thermal emission dominates Saturn's dark side as well as the north polar region (where the hexagon is again visible) and the shadow cast by the A and B rings. Variable amounts of clouds in the planet's upper atmosphere block the thermal radiation, leading to a speckled and banded appearance, which is ever-shifting due to the planet's strong winds. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. Complete credits listed here.
Opportunity's Second Martian …
title Opportunity's Second Martian Birthday at Cape Verde
date 10.20.2007
description A promontory nicknamed "Cape Verde" can be seen jutting out from the walls of Victoria Crater in this approximate true-color picture taken by the panoramic camera on NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. The rover took this picture on martian day, or sol, 1329 (Oct. 20, 2007), more than a month after it began descending down the crater walls - and just 9 sols shy of its second Martian birthday on sol 1338 (Oct. 29, 2007). Opportunity landed on the Red Planet on Jan. 25, 2004. That's nearly four years ago on Earth, but only two on Mars because Mars takes longer to travel around the sun than Earth. One Martian year equals 687 Earth days. The overall soft quality of the image, and the "haze" seen in the lower right portion, are the result of scattered light from dust on the front sapphire window of the rover's camera. This view was taken using three panoramic-camera filters, admitting light with wavelengths centered at 750 nanometers (near infrared), 530 nanometers (green) and 430 nanometers (violet). Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell
Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell …
Name of Image Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell (GFFC)
Date of Image 1992-07-15
Full Description A steel hemisphere was at the core of the Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell (GFFC) that flew on two Spacelab missions. It was capped by a sapphire dome. Silicone oil between the two played the part of a steller atmosphere. An electrostatic field pulled the oil inward to mimic gravity's effects during the experiments. The GFFC thus produced flow patterns that simulated conditions inside the atmospheres of Jupiter and the Sun and other stars. GFFC flew on Spacelab-3 in 1985 and U.S. Microgravity Laboratory-2 in 1995. The principal investigator was John Hart of the University of Colorado at Boulder. It was managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. (Credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center)
Critical Viscosity of Xenon
Name of Image Critical Viscosity of Xenon
Date of Image 2001-01-24
Full Description The Critical Viscosity of Xenon Experiment (CVX-2) on the STS-107 Research 1 mission in 2002 will measure the viscous behavior of liquid xenon, a heavy inert gas used in flash lamps and ion rocket engines, at its critical point. Resembling a tiny bit of window screen, the oscillator at the heart of CVX-2 will vibrate between two pairs of paddle-like electrodes. The slight bend in the shape of the mesh has no effect on the data. What counts are the mesh's displacement in the xenon fluid and the rate at which the displacement dampens. The unit shown here is encased in a small test cell and capped with a sapphire windown to contain the xenon at high pressure.
Fires in Central Mexico
Title Fires in Central Mexico
Description Set against the sapphire blue waters of the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, central Mexico boasts a dazzling array of colors and landscapes, from verdant green tropical forests to black mountains to caramel-colored, high-altitude deserts. The Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains march down the western portion of Mexico, while the Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains march down in the east. Mexico City, the country's capital, sits in a small valley to the right of the image center, and is very near three small fires, marked in red. To the left of Mexico City is the city of Toluca, which appears as a small, dark gray smudge. Far to the west, north of the Laguna de Chapala (left of center), is the city of Guadalajara, which appears grayish brown against the southern reaches of the darker, brown-black Sierra Morone Mountains. MODIS detected a number of fires scattered through a few Mexican states, mostly in Guanajuato and Michoacan (slightly left of center). Air pollution, both from fires and anthropogenic sources, is also quite visibly casting gray-blue palls over portions of the country. It is especially noticeable along the image?s northeastern coast, where it obscures much of the land beneath and almost completely hides the Laguna de Tamiahua on the bit of land jutting eastward into the Gulf of Mexico. Rather than spreading over the whole country, the pollution in the northeast is contained by the Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains and is blown out over the Gulf. This true-color Terra MODIS image was acquired December 4th, 2002. Image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA GSFC
LASE Ti: Sapphire Laser
Title LASE Ti: Sapphire Laser
Description In the photo, Mr. Leroy F. Matthews (Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Co.) is connecting the Thermal Control Unit cables in preparing the Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) Instrument for integration into a NASA/ER-2 aircraft for a field mission. LASE is the first fully-engineered, autonomous differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) System for the measurement of water vapor, aerosol and cloud in the troposphere. LASE uses a double-pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser for the transmitter with a 30 ns pulse length and 150 mJ/pulse. The laser beam is seeded to operate on a selected water vapor absorption line in the 815-nm region using a laser diode and an onboard absorption reference cell. A 40 cm diameter telescope collects the backscattered signals and directs them onto two detectors. LASE collects DIAL data at 5 Hz while flying at altitudes from 16-21 km. LASE was designed to operate autonomously within the environment and physical constraints of the ER-2 aircraft and to make water vapor profile measurements across the troposphere with accuracy having less than 6% of error. No other instrument can provide the spatial coverage and accuracy of LASE. Water vapor is the most radiative active gas in the troposphere, and the lack of understanding about its distribution provides one of the largest uncertainties in modeling climate change. LASE has demonstrated the necessary potential in providing high resolution water vapor measurements that can advance the studies of tropospheric water vapor distributions. LASE has flown 19 times during the development of the instrument and the validation of the science data. A joint international field mission was completed in the summer of 1996, adding 9 more successful flights. The LASE Instument is being adapted to other aircraft platforms to support planned missions and to increase its utility.
Date 11.13.1995
LASE Ti: Sapphire Laser
Title LASE Ti: Sapphire Laser
Description In the photo, Messrs. Leroy F. Matthews (left) and Frank J. Novak (Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Co.) are preparing the Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) Instrument for integration into a NASA/ER-2 aircraft for a field mission. LASE is the first fully- engineered, autonomous differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) System for the measurement of water vapor, aerosol and cloud in the troposphere. LASE uses a double-pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser for the transmitter with a 30 ns pulse length and 150 mJ/pulse. The laser beam is seeded to operate on a selected water vapor absorption line in the 815-nm region using a laser diode and an onboard absorption reference cell. A 40 cm diameter telescope collects the backscattered signals and directs them onto two detectors. LASE collects DIAL data at 5 Hz while flying at altitudes from 16-21 km. LASE was designed to operate autonomously within the environment and physical constraints of the ER-2 aircraft and to make water vapor profile measurements across the troposphere with accuracy having less than 6% of error. No other instrument can provide the spatial coverage and accuracy of LASE. Water vapor is the most radiative active gas in the troposphere, and the lack of understanding about its distribution provides one of the largest uncertainties in modeling climate change. LASE has demonstrated the necessary potential in providing high resolution water vapor measurements that can advance the studies of tropospheric water vapor distributions. LASE has flown 19 times during the development of the instrument and the validation of the science data. A joint international field mission was completed in the summer of 1996, adding 9 more successful flights. The LASE Instrument is being adapted to other aircraft platforms to support planned missions and to increase its utility.
Date 11.13.1995
LASE Ti:Sapphire Laser
Title LASE Ti:Sapphire Laser
Description In the photo, Dr. Larry B. Petway (Science Applications International Corp.) is making final adjustments to the Ti:Sapphire Laser in preparing the Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) Instrument for intergration into a NASA/ER-2 aircraft. LASE is the first fully- engineered, autonomous differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) System for the measurement of water vapor, aerosol and cloud in the troposphere. LASE uses a double-pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser for the transmitter with a 30 ns pulse length and 150mJ/pulse. The laser beam is seeded to operate on a selected water vapor absorption line in the 815-nm region using a laser diode and an onboard absorption reference cell. A 40 cm diameter telescope collects the backscattered signals and directs them onto two detectors. LASE collects DIAL data at 5 Hz while flying at altitudes from 16-21 km. LASE was designed to operate autonomously within the environment and physical constraints of the ER-2 aircraft and to make water vapor profile measurements across the troposphere with accuracy having less than 6% of error. No other instrument can provide the spatial coverage and accuracy of LASE.Water vapor is the most radiative active gas in the troposphere, and the lack of understanding about its distribution provides one of the largest uncertainties in modeling climate change. LASE has demonstrated the necessary potential in providing high resolution water vapor measurements that can advance the studies of tropospheric water vapor distributions. LASE has flown 19 times during the development of the instrument and the validation of the science data. A joint international field mission was completed in the summer of 1996, adding 9 more successful flights. The LASE Instument is being adapted to other aircraft platforms to support planned missions and to increase its utility.
Date 11.13.1995
Laser Damage Lab
Title Laser Damage Lab
Description Optical Damage Threshold Testing Instrumentation at NASA Langley Research Center. This work was sanctioned and funded by Code Q, R, & AE to develop a new standard for damage testing various types of optical materials and coatings. Laser Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) testing is a destructive test procedure to determine the minimum applied laser energy level that will result in damage and is referred to as the damage threshold. The damage threshold is often the critical limitation in the section of optical materials for use in high-energy laser systems.The test station consists of diagnostic equipment, beam conditioning optical elements, an inspection microscope and three lasers: a high energy pulsed ND: Yag, which develops 650mJ at 10 hz and outputs three wavelengths which include 1.06m, 532nm and 355 nm, a Ti:sapphire laser which produces a continuum of laser output from 790nm to 900nm, and a alignment HeNe, which looks yellow when mixed with the 2nd harmonic ND:Yag laser. Laser sources are used to perform damage threshold testing at the specific wavelength of interest.
Date 05.17.1993
LDEF (Postflight), AO201 : I …
Title LDEF (Postflight), AO201 : Interplanetary Dust Experiment, Tray B12
Description LDEF (Postflight), AO201 : Interplanetary Dust Experiment, Tray B12 The postflight photograph shows little change of the exposed surfaces when compared with the prelaunch photograph. Although not noticable in the photograph, a light coating of contamination was seen on all experiment surfaces in this location. The difference in colors of the IDE detectors, located on the right hand mounting plate, is a result of the reflected surroundings and not related to space exposure. A close observation of the detector surfaces reveal that some damage has occured from meteroid and/or debris impacts. One impact crater can be seen, upper right quadrant, on the detector located in the sixth (6th) row down from the top and the fifth (5th) row from the right. Other impacts, smaller in size, show as small white dots on the detector surface. The solar sensor seems to have changed little, if any. However, the color of the solar array baseplate, showing indications of contamination, appears to be darker than the detector mounting plate. The center section cover plate shows little change when compared with the pre-launch photograph. However, during inspection, a light coat of the brown contamination has been observed on all surfaces. The color of the bonding material (RTV) used to secure several thin specimen, sapphire, to individual mounting plates has changed from pink to gold. At one location, that of a single specimen, the bonding material is more gray than gold in color. This has been attributed to the specimen being considerably thicker. The EPDS thermal cover in the right hand side of the tray shows a light coating of brown contamination on the Chemglaze II A-276 white paint.
Date 02.08.1990
LDEF (Prelaunch), AO201 : In …
Title LDEF (Prelaunch), AO201 : Interplanetary Dust Experiment, Tray B12
Description LDEF (Prelaunch), AO201 : Interplanetary Dust Experiment, Tray B12 The prelaunch photograph shows the six (6) inch deep Interplanetary Dust Experiment (IDE) master control tray. The tray has three (3) mounting/cover plates elevated on fiberglass stand-offs to provide clearance and protection for hardware and electronics located underneath. The stand-offs also raise the plates to a level that minimizes shading of detectors by the tray sidewalls. The mounting plate located at the left hand end of the tray is populated with eighty (80) metaloxide-silicon (MOS) capacitor-type impact sensors and one (1) solar sensor that is located approximately in the center of the mounting plate. The IDE sensors are two (2) inch diameter MOS capacitor structures approximately 250 um thick. The detectors are formed by growing either 0.4um or 1.0um thick silicon oxide, SiO2, layer on the 250um thick, B-doped polished silicon wafer. The top metal contact, the visible surface, was formed by vapor deposition of 1000A of aluminum on the SiO2 surface. Aluminum was also vapor deposited on the backside to form the contact with the silicon substrate. Gold wires are bonded to the front and back aluminum layers for use in connecting the detectors to the circuits. The complete wafers, IDE detectors, are mounted on chromic anodized aluminum frames by bonding the detector backside to the aluminum frame with a space qualified RTV silicon adhesive, de-volatized RTV-511. The difference in colors of the detectors is caused by reflections in the metallized surfaces. A reflection of one of the technicians is visible in the three (3) rows of detector on the left hand side of the mounting plate. The solar sensor, located at the mounting plate center, consist of four (4) silicon solar cells connected in series and associated circuity bonded to an aluminum baseplate. The solar sensor registered each orbital sunrise independant of LDEF orientation at the time of sunrise. When IDE solar sensor data from the six (6) orthogonal faces of the LDEF was correlated, the Interplanetary Dust Experiment clock could be precisely calibrated. The center 1/3rd tray cover is a chromic anodized aluminum plate that protects the IDE data conditioning and control electronics mounted underneath. The cover plate also serves as a mounting platform for ten (10) individual specimen holders provided by one of the IDE investigators.The material specimen, consisting of germanium, sapphire and zinc sulfide of different sizes, shapes and colors, are bonded to the specimen holders with an RTV adhesive. The specimen holders are attached to the cover plate with stainless steel non-magnetic fasteners. The 1/3rd tray cover plate in the right hand end of the experiment tray is an aluminum plate painted white with Chemglaze II A-276 paint and used as a thermal cover for the Experiment Power and Data System (EPDS). The EPDS is a system provided by the LDEF Project Office that processes and stores, on magnetic tape, the orbital, experiment and housekeeping data from six (6) experiment locations on the LDEF.
Date 01.09.1984
Volcano Licancabur: Image of …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
The high-altitude, volcanic, …
aster_licancabura_24mar03
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2003
creator NASA -- ASTER data made available by NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/ ASTER Science Team
identifier aster_licancabura_24mar03
Australia's Kimberley Platea …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
This Landsat 7 image shows a …
landsat_kimberly
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 1999-09-19
creator NASA -- Image provided by the landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Goddard Space Flight Center's Landsat Team and the Australian ground receiving station teams
identifier landsat_kimberly
The South Island, New Zealan …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
Colors ranging from deep bro …
ge_08324
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2007-12-07
creator NASA -- NASA Image Of The Day
identifier ge_08324
Bombetoka Bay, Madagascar: I …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
On the northwestern coast of …
bombetoka_aster_23aug00
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2000-08-23
creator NASA -- NASA image courtesy the U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team, NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS.
identifier bombetoka_aster_23aug00
Uvs Nuur Basin in Mongolia: …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
The Uvs Nuur Basin sits on t …
ge_08114
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2001-09-04
creator NASA -- NASA image provided courtesy of NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and the U.S./Japan asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/ ASTER Science Team.
identifier ge_08114
Uvs Nuur Basin in Mongolia: …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
The Uvs Nuur Basin sits on t …
ge_08114
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2001-09-04
creator NASA -- NASA image provided courtesy of NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and the U.S./Japan asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/ ASTER Science Team.
identifier ge_08114
Melt Ponds on Greenland's Ic …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
Sapphire-blue pools connecte …
ge_07569
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2000-08-06
creator NASA -- NASA Image by Robert Simmon, based on landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Landsat data from the UMD glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml Global Land Cover Facility
identifier ge_07569
Melt Ponds on Greenland's Ic …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
Sapphire-blue pools connecte …
ge_07569
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2000-08-06
creator NASA -- NASA Image by Robert Simmon, based on landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Landsat data from the UMD glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml Global Land Cover Facility
identifier ge_07569
Phuket, Thailand: Image of t …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
The island of Phuket on the …
l7_phuket_27dec00
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2004-12-27
creator NASA -- NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data obtained from the University of Maryland's glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml Global Land Cover Facility .
identifier l7_phuket_27dec00
Phuket, Thailand: Image of t …
nasa, nasaimageofthedaygalle …
The island of Phuket on the …
l7_phuket_27dec00
mediatype IMAGE
mediatype image
date 2004-12-27
creator NASA -- NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data obtained from the University of Maryland's glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml Global Land Cover Facility .
identifier l7_phuket_27dec00
Neon Saturn
PIA09212
Saturn
Visual and Infrared Mapping …
Title Neon Saturn
Original Caption Released with Image Flying over the unlit side of Saturn's rings, the Cassini spacecraft captures Saturn's glow, represented in brilliant shades of electric blue, sapphire and mint green, while the planet's shadow casts a wide net on the rings. This striking false-color mosaic was created from 25 images taken by Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer over a period of 13 hours, and captures Saturn in nighttime and daytime conditions. The visual and infrared mapping spectrometer acquires data simultaneously at 352 different wavelengths, or spectral channels. Data at wavelengths of 2.3, 3.0 and 5.1 microns were combined in the blue, green and red channels of a standard color image, respectively, to make this false-color mosaic. This image was acquired on Feb. 24, 2007, while the spacecraft was 1.58 million kilometers (1 million miles) from the planet and 34.6 degrees above the ring plane. The solar phase angle was 69.5 degrees. In this view, Cassini was looking down on the northern, unlit side of the rings, which are rendered visible by sunlight filtering through from the sunlit, southern face. On the night side (right side of image), with no sunlight, Saturn's own thermal radiation lights things up. This light at 5.1 microns wavelength (some seven times the longest wavelength visible to the human eye) is generated deep within Saturn, and works its way upward, eventually escaping into space. Thick clouds deep in the atmosphere block that light. An amazing array of dark streaks, spots, and globe-encircling bands is visible instead. Saturn's strong thermal glow at 5.1 microns even allows these deep clouds to be seen on portions of the dayside (left side), especially where overlying hazes are thin and the glint of the sun off of them is minimal. These deep clouds are likely made of ammonium hydrosulfide and cannot be seen in reflected light on the dayside, since the glint of the sun on overlying hazes and ammonia clouds blocks the view of this level. A pronounced difference in the brightness between the northern and southern hemispheres is apparent. The northern hemisphere is about twice as bright as the southern hemisphere. This is because high-level, fine particles are about half as prevalent in the northern hemisphere as in the south. These particles block Saturn's glow more strongly, making Saturn look brighter in the north. At 2.3 microns (shown in blue), the icy ring particles are highly reflecting, while methane gas in Saturn's atmosphere strongly absorbs sunlight and renders the planet very dark. At 3.0 microns (shown in green), the situation is reversed: water ice in the rings is strongly absorbing, while the planet's sunlit hemisphere is bright. Thus the rings appear blue in this representation, while the sunlit side of Saturn is greenish-yellow in color. Within the rings, the most opaque parts appear dark, while the more translucent regions are brighter. In particular, the opaque, normally-bright B ring appears here as a broad, dark band, separating the brighter A (outer) and C (inner) rings. At 5.1 microns (shown in red), reflected sunlight is weak and thus light from the planet is dominated by thermal (i.e., heat) radiation that wells up from the planet's deep atmosphere. This thermal emission dominates Saturn's dark side as well as the north polar region (where the hexagon is again visible) and the shadow cast by the A and B rings. Variable amounts of clouds in the planet's upper atmosphere block the thermal radiation, leading to a speckled and banded appearance, which is ever-shifting due to the planet's strong winds. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer team is based at the University of Arizona, where this image was produced. For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm [ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov ]. The visual and infrared mapping spectrometer team homepage is at http://wwwvims.lpl.arizona.edu [ http://wwwvims.lpl.arizona.edu ].
Saturn's Subtle Spectrum
PIA08166
Sol (our sun)
Imaging Science Subsystem - …
Title Saturn's Subtle Spectrum
Original Caption Released with Image Dreamy colors ranging from pale rose to butterscotch to sapphire give this utterly inhospitable gas planet a romantic appeal. Shadows of the rings caress the northern latitudes whose blue color is presumed to be a seasonal effect. Enceladus (505 kilometers, or 314 miles across) hugs the ringplane right of center. Images taken using red, green and blue spectral filters were combined to create this color view, which approximates what the human eye would see. The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on March 16, 2006 at a distance of approximately 2.1 million kilometers (1.3 million miles) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 102 degrees. Image scale is 120 kilometers (75 miles) per pixel on Saturn. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm [ http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov ]. The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org [ http://ciclops.org ].
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska. -- Wi …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska. -- With light still on the horizon, a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle lifts off the launch pad at Kodiak Launch Complex (KSC) with the Kodiak Star spacecraft on board. Liftoff occurred at 10:40 p.m. EDT, Sept. 29. The Kodiak Star payload consists of four satellites: PICOSat, PCSat, Sapphire and Starshine 3. Starshine is sponsored by NASA. The 200-pound sphere will be used by students to study orbital decay. The other three satellites, also on educational missions, are sponsored by the department of defense. PICOSat is a technology demonstration satellite with four experiments on board. PCSat was designed by midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy, and will become part of the amateur radio community's automatic position reporting system. Sapphire is a micro-satellite built by students at Stanford University and Washington University - St. Louis to test infrared sensors for space use. KLC is the newest commercial launch complex in the United States, ideal for launch payloads requiring low-Earth polar or sun-synchronous orbits
Release Date 09/29/2001
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. - …
Description KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- The PICOSat payload undergoes final preparations for its launch aboard the Athena 1 launch vehicle at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program
Release Date 08/15/2001
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. - …
Description KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- Technicians complete final preparations to the four Athena 1 payloads (Starshine 3, PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire) at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program
Release Date 08/15/2001
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. - …
Description KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- The PICOSat payload banner is displayed by the Athena 1 launch vehicle at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program
Release Date 08/15/2001
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. - …
Description KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. -- Technicians prepare the PICOSat payload for its launch aboard the Athena 1 launch vehicle at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program
Release Date 08/15/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- The …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- The Orbis 21D Equipment Section Boost Motor, the second stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, waits for the first stage, Castor 120, to be towed up the steepest part of the road, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/29/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tru …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Trucks transporting Orbis 21D Equipment Section Boost Motor, the second stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, arrive at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/31/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A s …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A special platform connects the barge with a ramp to allow Castor 120, the first stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, to safely move onto the dock at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/29/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tru …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Trucks transporting Castor 120, the first stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, arrive at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/29/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A b …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A boat moves a ramp into place that will allow Castor 120, the first stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, to safely move onto the dock at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/29/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Cas …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Castor 120, the first stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, is raised off a truck at the launch pad at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/31/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tec …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Technicians install Orbis 21D Equipment Section Boost Motor, the second stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as processing for the launch of Kodiak Star proceeds. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/31/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tec …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Technicians prepare the PICSat payload for its launch aboard the Athena 1 launch vehicle at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 08/09/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tec …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Technicians inspect and secure Castor 120, the first stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, on the launch mount at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as processing for the launch of Kodiak Star proceeds. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/31/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Cas …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Castor 120, the first stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, is lifted into a vertical position at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/31/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tec …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Technicians prepare the Starshine 3 payload for its launch aboard the Athena 1 launch vehicle at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 07/31/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tec …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Technicians inspect Castor 120, the first stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/31/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tec …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Technicians prepare the Starshine 3 payload, while the payload fairing of the Athena 1 launch vehicle awaits servicing at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program
Release Date 07/31/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A c …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A convoy of trucks transports the stages of an Athena launch vehicle and supporting launch equipment to the pad at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch the Kodiak Star continue. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/29/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tec …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Technicians prepare the Starshine 3 payload for its launch aboard the Athena 1 launch vehicle at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 07/31/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A c …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A convoy of trucks transports the stages of an Athena launch vehicle and supporting launch equipment to the pad at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch the Kodiak Star continue. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 05/29/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A t …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A technician performs final testing on Starshine 3 at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., to prepare for the launch of the Kodiak Star at Kodiak Island, Alaska. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 07/19/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A t …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- A technician performs final testing on Starshine 3 at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., to prepare for the launch of the Kodiak Star at Kodiak Island, Alaska. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 07/19/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tec …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Technicians prepare the Orbit Adjust Model (OAM), which navigates the payloads into the correct orbit, at the Payload Processing Facility at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as processing for the launch of Kodiak Star proceeds. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 06/19/2001
KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Tec …
Description KODIAK ISLAND, Alaska -- Technicians lower the fueled Orbit Adjust Model (OAM), which navigates payloads into the correct orbit, onto Orbis 21D Equipment Section Boost Motor, the second stage of the Athena 1 launch vehicle, at the launch pad at Kodiak Island, Alaska, as preparations to launch Kodiak Star proceed. The first orbital launch to take place from Alaska's Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Star is scheduled to lift off on a Lockheed Martin Athena I launch vehicle on Sept. 17 during a two-hour window that extends from 5 p.m. ADT. The payloads aboard include the Starshine 3, sponsored by NASA, and the PICOSat, PCSat and Sapphire, sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program.
Release Date 06/19/2001
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