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Proteus UAV collision-avoida
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Proteus UAV collision-avoida
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Proteus UAV collision-avoida
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| Photo Description |
An ocean color senor, a passive microwave vertical sounder and an electro-optical sensor were mounted on the Altair UAV for the NOAA-NASA flight demonstration. |
| Project Description |
The remotely-piloted Altair unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was developed by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc., (GA-ASI) for NASA under NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project. NASA is using the Altair as a long-endurance, high-altitude platform for development of UAV technologies and environmental science missions. As a technology demonstrator, Altair will help validate a variety of command and control technologies for UAVs, including over-the-horizon control, collision-avoidance and other technologies required to enable UAVs to operate safely and routinely with other aircraft in the national airspace. It is also being used to demonstrate the capabilities of UAVs to conduct missions related to Earth Science, disaster management, homeland security and law enforcement. The Altair took to the air on its first checkout flight on June 9, 2003 at El Mirage, California. The Altair is a modified version of GA-ASI's MQ-9 Predator B unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that was developed for the U.S. Air Force. Differences from the military aircraft include a longer wingspan to enable the Altair to sustain higher altitudes, a triplex redundant flight control system and modified avionics and electronics to support its civil missions. It is flown by a pilot from a ground control station, with flight commands and data relayed to and from the aircraft via either a satellite communications link or by direct radio link. The Altair also has full Global Positioning System (GPS) capability to assist in navigation. The Altair is designed to carry a 700-lb. payload of instruments and imaging equipment in its forward fuselage payload bay for as long as 32 hours at up to 52,000 feet altitude. It can also carry up to 3,000 pounds of payload externally at lower altitudes and for shorter durations. Eleven-foot extensions on each wing give the Altair an overall wingspan of 86 feet with an aspect ratio of 23. Built almost entirely of composite materials, Altair is powered by a 700-hp. rear-mounted Honeywell TPE-331-10 turboprop engine, driving a three-blade propeller. It has a maximum gross takeoff weight of 7,400 lbs, including 3,000 lbs of fuel. Following successful completion of basic airworthiness flight tests in 2003, Altair is currently being leased by NASA for a five-year period and is scheduled to eventually be acquired by NASA to serve as an aerial platform to support the aerospace agency's suborbital science program. |
| Photo Date |
April 20, 2005 |
|
| Photo Description |
A satellite antenna, electro-optical/infrared and ocean color sensors (front) were among payloads installed on the Altair for the NOAA-NASA UAV flight demonstration. |
| Project Description |
The remotely-piloted Altair unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was developed by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc., (GA-ASI) for NASA under NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project. NASA is using the Altair as a long-endurance, high-altitude platform for development of UAV technologies and environmental science missions. As a technology demonstrator, Altair will help validate a variety of command and control technologies for UAVs, including over-the-horizon control, collision-avoidance and other technologies required to enable UAVs to operate safely and routinely with other aircraft in the national airspace. It is also being used to demonstrate the capabilities of UAVs to conduct missions related to Earth Science, disaster management, homeland security and law enforcement. The Altair took to the air on its first checkout flight on June 9, 2003 at El Mirage, California. The Altair is a modified version of GA-ASI's MQ-9 Predator B unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that was developed for the U.S. Air Force. Differences from the military aircraft include a longer wingspan to enable the Altair to sustain higher altitudes, a triplex redundant flight control system and modified avionics and electronics to support its civil missions. It is flown by a pilot from a ground control station, with flight commands and data relayed to and from the aircraft via either a satellite communications link or by direct radio link. The Altair also has full Global Positioning System (GPS) capability to assist in navigation. The Altair is designed to carry a 700-lb. payload of instruments and imaging equipment in its forward fuselage payload bay for as long as 32 hours at up to 52,000 feet altitude. It can also carry up to 3,000 pounds of payload externally at lower altitudes and for shorter durations. Eleven-foot extensions on each wing give the Altair an overall wingspan of 86 feet with an aspect ratio of 23. Built almost entirely of composite materials, Altair is powered by a 700-hp. rear-mounted Honeywell TPE-331-10 turboprop engine, driving a three-blade propeller. It has a maximum gross takeoff weight of 7,400 lbs, including 3,000 lbs of fuel. Following successful completion of basic airworthiness flight tests in 2003, Altair is currently being leased by NASA for a five-year period and is scheduled to eventually be acquired by NASA to serve as an aerial platform to support the aerospace agency's suborbital science program. |
| Photo Date |
April 20, 2005 |
|
Proteus aircraft low-level f
…
| Photo Description |
Proteus aircraft low-level flyby at Las Cruces Airport. |
| Project Description |
The Proteus is a unique aircraft, designed as a high-altitude, long-duration telecommunications relay platform with potential for use on atmospheric sampling and Earth-monitoring science missions. Designed by Burt Rutan, president of Scaled Composites, LLC, of Mojave, Calif., Proteus is an "optionally piloted" aircraft ordinarily flown by two pilots in a pressurized cabin. However, it also has the capability to perform its missions semi-autonomously or flown remotely from the ground. The aircraft is designed to cruise at altitudes from 59,000 to more than 65,000 feet for up to 18 hours. It was designed to carry an 18-foot diameter telecommunications antenna system for relay of broadband data over major cities. The design allows Proteus to be reconfigured for a variety of other missions such as atmospheric research, reconnaissance, commercial imaging, and launch of small space satellites. It is designed for extreme reliability and low operating costs, and to operate out of general aviation airports with minimal support. Proteus has an all-composite airframe with graphite-epoxy sandwich construction. Its wingspan of 77 feet 7 inches is expandable to 92 feet with removable wingtips installed. Proteus is 56.3 feet long, 17.6 feet high and weighs 5,900 pounds empty. Proteus is powered by two Williams FJ44-2 turbofan engines, each rated at 2,300 pounds of thrust. Flight testing of the Proteus began in the summer of 1998 at Mojave Airport and continued through the end of 1999. Under NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center assisted Scaled Composites in developing a sophisticated station-keeping autopilot system and a satellite communications (SATCOM)-based uplink-downlink data system for Proteus' performance and payload data. Flight testing included the installation and checkout of the autopilot system, including the refinement of the altitude hold and altitude change software. The SATCOM equipment, including avionics and antenna systems, was installed and checked out in several flight tests. The systems performed flawlessly during Proteus' deployment to the Paris Airshow in 1999. NASA has used Proteus as a testbed for a variety of technologies related to maturing unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for use in civil applications. A small Airborne Real-Time Imaging System (ARTIS) camera, developed by HyperSpectral Sciences, Inc., under NASA's ERAST project, was demonstrated during the summer of 1999 when it took visual and near-infrared photos from Proteus while it was flying high over the Experimental Aircraft Association's "AirVenture 99" Airshow at Oshkosh, Wisc. The images were displayed on a computer monitor at the show only moments after they were taken. In March 2002, NASA Dryden, in cooperation with New Mexico State University's Technical Analysis and Applications Center (TAAC), the FAA and several other entities, conducted flight demonstrations of an active detect, see, and avoid (DSA) system for potential application to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) out of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Proteus was flown as a surrogate UAV controlled remotely from the ground, although safety pilots were aboard to handle takeoff and landing and any potential emergencies. Three other aircraft, ranging from general aviation aircraft to a NASA F/A-18, served as "cooperative" target aircraft with an operating transponder. In each of 18 different scenarios, a Goodrich Skywatch HP Traffic Advisory System (TAS) on the Proteus detected approaching air traffic on potential collision courses, including several scenarios with two aircraft approaching from different directions. The remote pilot then directed Proteus to turn, climb or descend as needed to avoid the potential threat. In April 2003, a second series of flight demonstrations focusing on "non-cooperative" aircraft (those without operating transponders), was conducted in restricted airspace near Mojave, Calif., again using the Proteus as a surrogate UAV. Proteus was equipped with a small Amphitech OASys 35 Ghz primary radar system to detect potential intruder aircraft on simulated collision courses. The radar data was telemetered directly to the ground station as well as via an Inmarsat satellite system installed on Proteus. A mix of seven intruder aircraft, ranging from a sailplane to a high-speed jet, flew 20 scenarios over a four-day period, one or two aircraft at a time. In each case, the radar picked up the intruding aircraft at ranges from 2.5 to 6.5 miles, depending on the intruder's radar signature. Proteus' remote pilot on the ground was able to direct Proteus to take evasive action if needed. Based on the preliminary results of both series of tests, project engineers believe that some upgrades would have to be made to both the Skywatch and the OASys detection systems to maximize their effectiveness as collision-avoidance detection sensors for UAVs. Additional flight tests of other types of detection systems, such as electro-optical infrared devices, may occur in the future under a follow-on program in an effort to establish an equivalent level of safety for UAVs to that now required of manned aircraft. The ERAST Project is sponsored by the Office of Aerospace Technology at NASA Headquarters, and is managed by the Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. |
| Photo Date |
March 15, 2002 |
|
Proteus DSA control room in
…
| Photo Description |
Proteus DSA control room in Mojave, CA (L to R) Jean-Pierre Soucy, Amphitech International Software engineer Craig Bomben, NASA Dryden Test Pilot Pete Siebold, (with headset, at computer controls) Scaled Composites pilot Bob Roehm, New Mexico State University (NMSU) UAV Technical Analysis Application Center (TAAC) Chuck Coleman, Scaled Composites Pilot Kari Sortland, NMSU TAAC Russell Wolfe, Modern Technology Solutions, Inc. Scaled Composites' unique tandem-wing Proteus was the testbed for a series of UAV collision-avoidance flight demonstrations. An Amphitech 35GHz radar unit installed below Proteus' nose was the primary sensor for the Detect, See and Avoid tests. |
| Project Description |
The Proteus is a unique aircraft, designed as a high-altitude, long-duration telecommunications relay platform with potential for use on atmospheric sampling and Earth-monitoring science missions. Designed by Burt Rutan, president of Scaled Composites, LLC, of Mojave, Calif., Proteus is an "optionally piloted" aircraft ordinarily flown by two pilots in a pressurized cabin. However, it also has the capability to perform its missions semi-autonomously or flown remotely from the ground. The aircraft is designed to cruise at altitudes from 59,000 to more than 65,000 feet for up to 18 hours. It was designed to carry an 18-foot diameter telecommunications antenna system for relay of broadband data over major cities. The design allows Proteus to be reconfigured for a variety of other missions such as atmospheric research, reconnaissance, commercial imaging, and launch of small space satellites. It is designed for extreme reliability and low operating costs, and to operate out of general aviation airports with minimal support. Proteus has an all-composite airframe with graphite-epoxy sandwich construction. Its wingspan of 77 feet 7 inches is expandable to 92 feet with removable wingtips installed. Proteus is 56.3 feet long, 17.6 feet high and weighs 5,900 pounds empty. Proteus is powered by two Williams FJ44-2 turbofan engines, each rated at 2,300 pounds of thrust. Flight testing of the Proteus began in the summer of 1998 at Mojave Airport and continued through the end of 1999. Under NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center assisted Scaled Composites in developing a sophisticated station-keeping autopilot system and a satellite communications (SATCOM)-based uplink-downlink data system for Proteus' performance and payload data. Flight testing included the installation and checkout of the autopilot system, including the refinement of the altitude hold and altitude change software. The SATCOM equipment, including avionics and antenna systems, was installed and checked out in several flight tests. The systems performed flawlessly during Proteus' deployment to the Paris Airshow in 1999. NASA has used Proteus as a testbed for a variety of technologies related to maturing unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for use in civil applications. A small Airborne Real-Time Imaging System (ARTIS) camera, developed by HyperSpectral Sciences, Inc., under NASA's ERAST project, was demonstrated during the summer of 1999 when it took visual and near-infrared photos from Proteus while it was flying high over the Experimental Aircraft Association's "AirVenture 99" Airshow at Oshkosh, Wisc. The images were displayed on a computer monitor at the show only moments after they were taken. In March 2002, NASA Dryden, in cooperation with New Mexico State University's Technical Analysis and Applications Center (TAAC), the FAA and several other entities, conducted flight demonstrations of an active detect, see, and avoid (DSA) system for potential application to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) out of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Proteus was flown as a surrogate UAV controlled remotely from the ground, although safety pilots were aboard to handle takeoff and landing and any potential emergencies. Three other aircraft, ranging from general aviation aircraft to a NASA F/A-18, served as "cooperative" target aircraft with an operating transponder. In each of 18 different scenarios, a Goodrich Skywatch HP Traffic Advisory System (TAS) on the Proteus detected approaching air traffic on potential collision courses, including several scenarios with two aircraft approaching from different directions. The remote pilot then directed Proteus to turn, climb or descend as needed to avoid the potential threat. In April 2003, a second series of flight demonstrations focusing on "non-cooperative" aircraft (those without operating transponders), was conducted in restricted airspace near Mojave, Calif., again using the Proteus as a surrogate UAV. Proteus was equipped with a small Amphitech OASys 35 Ghz primary radar system to detect potential intruder aircraft on simulated collision courses. The radar data was telemetered directly to the ground station as well as via an Inmarsat satellite system installed on Proteus. A mix of seven intruder aircraft, ranging from a sailplane to a high-speed jet, flew 20 scenarios over a four-day period, one or two aircraft at a time. In each case, the radar picked up the intruding aircraft at ranges from 2.5 to 6.5 miles, depending on the intruder's radar signature. Proteus' remote pilot on the ground was able to direct Proteus to take evasive action if needed. Based on the preliminary results of both series of tests, project engineers believe that some upgrades would have to be made to both the Skywatch and the OASys detection systems to maximize their effectiveness as collision-avoidance detection sensors for UAVs. Additional flight tests of other types of detection systems, such as electro-optical infrared devices, may occur in the future under a follow-on program in an effort to establish an equivalent level of safety for UAVs to that now required of manned aircraft. The ERAST Project is sponsored by the Office of Aerospace Technology at NASA Headquarters, and is managed by the Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. |
| Photo Date |
April 3, 2003 |
|
Amphitech Radar on Proteus
| Photo Description |
An Amphitech OASys Ka-band radar was the primary sensor installed on Scaled Composites' Proteus for the second phase of NASA-sponsored unmanned aerial vehicle Detect, See and Avoid flight tests. |
| Project Description |
The Proteus is a unique aircraft, designed as a high-altitude, long-duration telecommunications relay platform with potential for use on atmospheric sampling and Earth-monitoring science missions. Designed by Burt Rutan, president of Scaled Composites, LLC, of Mojave, Calif., Proteus is an "optionally piloted" aircraft ordinarily flown by two pilots in a pressurized cabin. However, it also has the capability to perform its missions semi-autonomously or flown remotely from the ground. The aircraft is designed to cruise at altitudes from 59,000 to more than 65,000 feet for up to 18 hours. It was designed to carry an 18-foot diameter telecommunications antenna system for relay of broadband data over major cities. The design allows Proteus to be reconfigured for a variety of other missions such as atmospheric research, reconnaissance, commercial imaging, and launch of small space satellites. It is designed for extreme reliability and low operating costs, and to operate out of general aviation airports with minimal support. Proteus has an all-composite airframe with graphite-epoxy sandwich construction. Its wingspan of 77 feet 7 inches is expandable to 92 feet with removable wingtips installed. Proteus is 56.3 feet long, 17.6 feet high and weighs 5,900 pounds empty. Proteus is powered by two Williams FJ44-2 turbofan engines, each rated at 2,300 pounds of thrust. Flight testing of the Proteus began in the summer of 1998 at Mojave Airport and continued through the end of 1999. Under NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center assisted Scaled Composites in developing a sophisticated station-keeping autopilot system and a satellite communications (SATCOM)-based uplink-downlink data system for Proteus' performance and payload data. Flight testing included the installation and checkout of the autopilot system, including the refinement of the altitude hold and altitude change software. The SATCOM equipment, including avionics and antenna systems, was installed and checked out in several flight tests. The systems performed flawlessly during Proteus' deployment to the Paris Airshow in 1999. NASA has used Proteus as a testbed for a variety of technologies related to maturing unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for use in civil applications. A small Airborne Real-Time Imaging System (ARTIS) camera, developed by HyperSpectral Sciences, Inc., under NASA's ERAST project, was demonstrated during the summer of 1999 when it took visual and near-infrared photos from Proteus while it was flying high over the Experimental Aircraft Association's "AirVenture 99" Airshow at Oshkosh, Wisc. The images were displayed on a computer monitor at the show only moments after they were taken. In March 2002, NASA Dryden, in cooperation with New Mexico State University's Technical Analysis and Applications Center (TAAC), the FAA and several other entities, conducted flight demonstrations of an active detect, see, and avoid (DSA) system for potential application to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) out of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Proteus was flown as a surrogate UAV controlled remotely from the ground, although safety pilots were aboard to handle takeoff and landing and any potential emergencies. Three other aircraft, ranging from general aviation aircraft to a NASA F/A-18, served as "cooperative" target aircraft with an operating transponder. In each of 18 different scenarios, a Goodrich Skywatch HP Traffic Advisory System (TAS) on the Proteus detected approaching air traffic on potential collision courses, including several scenarios with two aircraft approaching from different directions. The remote pilot then directed Proteus to turn, climb or descend as needed to avoid the potential threat. In April 2003, a second series of flight demonstrations focusing on "non-cooperative" aircraft (those without operating transponders), was conducted in restricted airspace near Mojave, Calif., again using the Proteus as a surrogate UAV. Proteus was equipped with a small Amphitech OASys 35 Ghz primary radar system to detect potential intruder aircraft on simulated collision courses. The radar data was telemetered directly to the ground station as well as via an Inmarsat satellite system installed on Proteus. A mix of seven intruder aircraft, ranging from a sailplane to a high-speed jet, flew 20 scenarios over a four-day period, one or two aircraft at a time. In each case, the radar picked up the intruding aircraft at ranges from 2.5 to 6.5 miles, depending on the intruder's radar signature. Proteus' remote pilot on the ground was able to direct Proteus to take evasive action if needed. Based on the preliminary results of both series of tests, project engineers believe that some upgrades would have to be made to both the Skywatch and the OASys detection systems to maximize their effectiveness as collision-avoidance detection sensors for UAVs. Additional flight tests of other types of detection systems, such as electro-optical infrared devices, may occur in the future under a follow-on program in an effort to establish an equivalent level of safety for UAVs to that now required of manned aircraft. The ERAST Project is sponsored by the Office of Aerospace Technology at NASA Headquarters, and is managed by the Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. |
| Photo Date |
April 1, 2003 |
|
Proteus front view in flight
| Photo Description |
Scaled Composites' unique tandem-wing Proteus was the testbed for a series of UAV collision-avoidance flight demonstrations. An Amphitech 35GHz radar unit installed below Proteus' nose was the primary sensor for the Detect, See and Avoid tests. |
| Project Description |
The Proteus is a unique aircraft, designed as a high-altitude, long-duration telecommunications relay platform with potential for use on atmospheric sampling and Earth-monitoring science missions. Designed by Burt Rutan, president of Scaled Composites, LLC, of Mojave, Calif., Proteus is an "optionally piloted" aircraft ordinarily flown by two pilots in a pressurized cabin. However, it also has the capability to perform its missions semi-autonomously or flown remotely from the ground. The aircraft is designed to cruise at altitudes from 59,000 to more than 65,000 feet for up to 18 hours. It was designed to carry an 18-foot diameter telecommunications antenna system for relay of broadband data over major cities. The design allows Proteus to be reconfigured for a variety of other missions such as atmospheric research, reconnaissance, commercial imaging, and launch of small space satellites. It is designed for extreme reliability and low operating costs, and to operate out of general aviation airports with minimal support. Proteus has an all-composite airframe with graphite-epoxy sandwich construction. Its wingspan of 77 feet 7 inches is expandable to 92 feet with removable wingtips installed. Proteus is 56.3 feet long, 17.6 feet high and weighs 5,900 pounds empty. Proteus is powered by two Williams FJ44-2 turbofan engines, each rated at 2,300 pounds of thrust. Flight testing of the Proteus began in the summer of 1998 at Mojave Airport and continued through the end of 1999. Under NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center assisted Scaled Composites in developing a sophisticated station-keeping autopilot system and a satellite communications (SATCOM)-based uplink-downlink data system for Proteus' performance and payload data. Flight testing included the installation and checkout of the autopilot system, including the refinement of the altitude hold and altitude change software. The SATCOM equipment, including avionics and antenna systems, was installed and checked out in several flight tests. The systems performed flawlessly during Proteus' deployment to the Paris Airshow in 1999. NASA has used Proteus as a testbed for a variety of technologies related to maturing unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for use in civil applications. A small Airborne Real-Time Imaging System (ARTIS) camera, developed by HyperSpectral Sciences, Inc., under NASA's ERAST project, was demonstrated during the summer of 1999 when it took visual and near-infrared photos from Proteus while it was flying high over the Experimental Aircraft Association's "AirVenture 99" Airshow at Oshkosh, Wisc. The images were displayed on a computer monitor at the show only moments after they were taken. In March 2002, NASA Dryden, in cooperation with New Mexico State University's Technical Analysis and Applications Center (TAAC), the FAA and several other entities, conducted flight demonstrations of an active detect, see, and avoid (DSA) system for potential application to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) out of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Proteus was flown as a surrogate UAV controlled remotely from the ground, although safety pilots were aboard to handle takeoff and landing and any potential emergencies. Three other aircraft, ranging from general aviation aircraft to a NASA F/A-18, served as "cooperative" target aircraft with an operating transponder. In each of 18 different scenarios, a Goodrich Skywatch HP Traffic Advisory System (TAS) on the Proteus detected approaching air traffic on potential collision courses, including several scenarios with two aircraft approaching from different directions. The remote pilot then directed Proteus to turn, climb or descend as needed to avoid the potential threat. In April 2003, a second series of flight demonstrations focusing on "non-cooperative" aircraft (those without operating transponders), was conducted in restricted airspace near Mojave, Calif., again using the Proteus as a surrogate UAV. Proteus was equipped with a small Amphitech OASys 35 Ghz primary radar system to detect potential intruder aircraft on simulated collision courses. The radar data was telemetered directly to the ground station as well as via an Inmarsat satellite system installed on Proteus. A mix of seven intruder aircraft, ranging from a sailplane to a high-speed jet, flew 20 scenarios over a four-day period, one or two aircraft at a time. In each case, the radar picked up the intruding aircraft at ranges from 2.5 to 6.5 miles, depending on the intruder's radar signature. Proteus' remote pilot on the ground was able to direct Proteus to take evasive action if needed. Based on the preliminary results of both series of tests, project engineers believe that some upgrades would have to be made to both the Skywatch and the OASys detection systems to maximize their effectiveness as collision-avoidance detection sensors for UAVs. Additional flight tests of other types of detection systems, such as electro-optical infrared devices, may occur in the future under a follow-on program in an effort to establish an equivalent level of safety for UAVs to that now required of manned aircraft. The ERAST Project is sponsored by the Office of Aerospace Technology at NASA Headquarters, and is managed by the Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. |
| Photo Date |
March 27, 2003 |
|
Space Optic Manufacturing -
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| Name of Image |
Space Optic Manufacturing - X-ray Mirror |
| Date of Image |
1998-08-31 |
| Full Description |
NASA's Space Optics Manufacturing Center has been working to expand our view of the universe via sophisticated new telescopes. The Optics Center's goal is to develop low-cost, advanced space optics technologies for the NASA program in the 21st century - including the long-term goal of imaging Earth-like planets in distant solar systems. To reduce the cost of mirror fabrication, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed replication techniques, the machinery and materials to replicate electro-formed nickel mirrors. The process allows fabricating precisely shaped mandrels to be used and reused as masters for replicating high-quality mirrors. This image shows a lightweight replicated x-ray mirror with gold coatings applied. |
|
Polishing X-ray Mirror Mandr
…
| Name of Image |
Polishing X-ray Mirror Mandrel |
| Date of Image |
1999-04-01 |
| Full Description |
NASA's Space Optics Manufacturing Center has been working to expand our view of the universe via sophisticated new telescopes. The Optics Center's goal is to develop low-cost, advanced space optics technologies for the NASA program in the 21st century - including the long-term goal of imaging Earth-like planets in distant solar systems. To reduce the cost of mirror fabrication, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed replication techniques, the machinery, and materials to replicate electro-formed nickel mirrors. The process allows fabricating precisely shaped mandrels to be used and reused as masters for replicating high-quality mirrors. MSFC's Space Optics Manufacturing Technology Center (SOMTC) has grinding and polishing equipment ranging from conventional spindles to custom-designed polishers. These capabilities allow us to grind precisely and polish a variety of optical devices, including x-ray mirror mandrels. This image shows Charlie Griffith polishing the half-meter mandrel at SOMTC. |
|
Shell Separation for Mirror
…
| Name of Image |
Shell Separation for Mirror Replication |
| Date of Image |
1999-04-01 |
| Full Description |
NASA's Space Optics Manufacturing Center has been working to expand our view of the universe via sophisticated new telescopes. The Optics Center's goal is to develop low-cost, advanced space optics technologies for the NASA program in the 21st century - including the long-term goal of imaging Earth-like planets in distant solar systems. To reduce the cost of mirror fabrication, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed replication techniques, the machinery, and materials to replicate electro-formed nickel mirrors. Optics replication uses reusable forms, called mandrels, to make telescope mirrors ready for final finishing. MSFC optical physicist Bill Jones monitors a device used to chill a mandrel, causing it to shrink and separate from the telescope mirror without deforming the mirror's precisely curved surface. |
|
Inspection of the Replicated
…
| Name of Image |
Inspection of the Replicated X-ray Mirror Mandrel |
| Date of Image |
1999-04-01 |
| Full Description |
NASA's Space Optics Manufacturing Center has been working to expand our view of the universe via sophisticated new telescopes. The Optics Center's goal is to develop low-cost, advanced space optics technologies to the NASA program in the 21st century - including the long-term goal of imaging Earth-like planets in distant solar systems. To reduce the cost of mirror fabrication, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed replication techniques, the machinery, and materials to replicate electro-formed nickel mirrors. The process allows fabricating precisely shaped mandrels to be used and reused as masters for replicating high-quality mirrors. Photograph shows J.R. Griffith inspecting a replicated x-ray mirror mandrel. |
|
Replicated Electro-Formed Ni
…
| Name of Image |
Replicated Electro-Formed Nickel Alloy Mirror |
| Date of Image |
1999-04-21 |
| Full Description |
NASA's Space Optics Manufacturing Center has been working to expand our view of the universe via sophisticated new telescopes. The Optics Center's goal is to develop low-cost, advanced space optics technologies for the NASA program in the 21st century - including the long-term goal of imaging Earth-like planets in distant solar systems. To reduce the cost of mirror fabrication, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed replication techniques, the machinery, and materials to replicate electro-formed nickel mirrors. The process allows fabricating precisely shaped mandrels to be used and reused as masters for replicating high-quality mirrors. Dr. Joe Ritter examines a replicated electro-formed nickel-alloy mirror which exemplifies the improvements in mirror fabrication techniques, with benefits such as dramtic weight reduction that have been achieved at the Marshall Space Flight Center's Space Optics Manufacturing Technology Center (SOMTC). |
|
Coating X-ray Mirror Mandrel
| Name of Image |
Coating X-ray Mirror Mandrel |
| Date of Image |
1999-04-01 |
| Full Description |
NASA's Space Optics Manufacturing Center has been working to expand our view of the universe via sophisticated new telescopes. The Optics Center's goal is to develop low-cost, advanced space optics technologies for the NASA program in the 21st century - including the long-term goal of imaging Earth-like planets in distant solar systems. To reduce the cost of mirror fabrication, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed replication techniques, the machinery, and materials to replicate electro-formed nickel mirrors. The process allows fabricating precisely shaped mandrels to be used and reused as masters for replicating high-quality mirrors. Image shows Dr. Alan Shapiro cleaning mirror mandrel to be applied with highly reflective and high-density coating in the Large Aperture Coating Chamber, MFSC Space Optics Manufacturing Technology Center (SOMTC). |
|
STS-53 Discovery, OV-103, DO
…
| Title |
STS-53 Discovery, OV-103, DOD Hercules digital electronic imagery equipment |
| Description |
STS-53 Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, Department of Defense (DOD) mission Hand-held Earth-oriented Real-time Cooperative, User-friendly, Location, targeting, and Environmental System (Hercules) spaceborne experiment equipment is documented in this table top view. HERCULES is a joint NAVY-NASA-ARMY payload designed to provide real-time high resolution digital electronic imagery and geolocation (latitude and longitude determination) of earth surface targets of interest. HERCULES system consists of (from left to right): a specially modified GRID Systems portable computer mounted atop NASA developed Playback-Downlink Unit (PDU) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) developed HERCULES Attitude Processor (HAP), the NASA-developed Electronic Still Camera (ESC) Electronics Box (ESCEB) including removable imagery data storage disks and various connecting cables, the ESC (a NASA modified Nikon F-4 camera) mounted atop the NRL HERCULES Inertial Measurement Unit (HIMU) containing the three |
| Date Taken |
1992-04-28 |
|
STS-44 Earth observation of
…
| Title |
STS-44 Earth observation of ships in Florida harbor taken with M88-1 ESC |
| Description |
STS-44 Earth observation taken aboard Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, is of ships in a Florida harbor. Mission Specialist (MS) Mario Runco, Jr conducting Military Man in Space M88-1 experiment, Maritime Observation Experiments in Space (MOSES), captured this scene of at least one ship and that of several smaller vessels in a Florida harbor. Runco used the electronic still camera (ESC). ESC photography is a new technology that enables a camera to electronically capture and digitze an image with resolution approaching film quality. |
| Date Taken |
1991-12-01 |
|
STS-48 Upper Atmosphere Rese
…
| Title |
STS-48 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in OV-103's payload bay |
| Description |
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), is documented in the payload bay (PLB) of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, on flight day one of the STS-48 mission. Visible in the center of the image on UARS is the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) antenna dish with the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) behind it. Other UARS components are obscured by the thermal blanket cover or are in stowed position. This view was taken using an electronic still camera (ESC) as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 MS Buchli, eating cra
…
| Title |
STS-48 MS Buchli, eating crackers on OV-103's middeck, is captured by ESC |
| Description |
STS-48 Mission Specialist (MS) James F. Buchli "catches" goldfish snack crackers as they float in the weightless environment of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. Buchli's eating activity on the middeck was documented using the Electronic Still Camera (ESC). Crewmembers were testing the ESC as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC is making its initial appearance on this Space Shuttle mission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 MS Gemar, reviewing c
…
| Title |
STS-48 MS Gemar, reviewing checklist on OV-103's middeck, is captured by ESC |
| Description |
STS-48 Mission Specialist (MS) Charles D. Gemar, on the middeck, consults the Payload Operations Checklist for procedures regarding the Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM) experiment. SAM is designed to measure gama ray data within the orbiter as a function of time and location. Gemar's experiment activities aboard the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, were captured using the Electronic Still Camera (ESC). Crewmembers were testing the ESC as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC is making its initial appearance on this Space Shuttle mission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 MS Brown on OV-103's
…
| Title |
STS-48 MS Brown on OV-103's aft flight deck poses for ESC photo |
| Description |
STS-48 Mission Specialist (MS) Mark N. Brown looks away from the portable laptop computer screen to pose for an Electronic Still Camera (ESC) photo on the aft flight deck of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. Brown was working at the payload station before the interruption. Crewmembers were testing the ESC as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC is making its initial appearance on this Space Shuttle mission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 Pilot Reightler on OV
…
| Title |
STS-48 Pilot Reightler on OV-103's aft flight deck poses for ESC photo |
| Description |
STS-48 Pilot Kenneth S. Reightler, Jr, positioned under overhead window W8, poses for an electronic still camera (ESC) photo on the aft flight deck of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. Crewmembers were testing the ESC as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC is making its initial appearance on this Space Shuttle mission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC Earth observation of Antarctic sea ice and clouds over Indian Ocean |
| Description |
STS-48 Earth observation taken aboard Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, is of Antarctic sea ice and clouds over the southern Indian Ocean. Considerable detail can be seen in the ice field. The distribution of the ice field as seen through the breaks in the clouds is complex, and according to NASA scientists studying the STS-48 imagery, it likely contains information about ocean currents. The image was captured using an electronic still camera (ESC), was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and was converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC documentation was part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC Earth observation of ice pack, Antarctic Ice Shelf |
| Description |
STS-48 Earth observation taken aboard Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, is of the breakup of pack ice along the periphery of the Antarctic Ice Shelf. Strong offshore winds, probably associated with katabatic downdrafts from the interior of the continent, are seen peeling off the edges of the ice shelf into long filaments of sea ice, icebergs, bergy bits, and growlers to flow northward into the South Atlantic Ocean. These photos are used to study ocean wind, tide and current patterns. Similar views photographed during previous missions, when analyzed with these recent views may yield information about regional ice drift and breakup of ice packs. The image was captured using an electronic still camera (ESC), was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and was converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC documentation was part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 Commander Creighton o
…
| Title |
STS-48 Commander Creighton on OV-103's aft flight deck poses for ESC photo |
| Description |
STS-48 Commander John O. Creighton, positioned under overhead window W8, interrupts an out-the-window observation to display a pleasant countenance for an electronic still camera (ESC) photo on the aft flight deck of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. Crewmembers were testing the ESC as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC is making its initial appearance on this Space Shuttle mission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC Earth observation of Heard Island in the South Indian Ocean |
| Description |
This electronic still photo taken from the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Discovery shows Heard Island, a small volcanic island in the South Indian Ocean. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 Upper Atmosphere Rese
…
| Title |
STS-48 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) grappled by OV-103's RMS |
| Description |
The solar array (SA) of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), almost completely deployed, is backdropped against the cloud-covered surface of the Earth. During STS-48 pre-deployment checkout, UARS is held above the payload bay (PLB) of Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, by the remote manipulator system (RMS) end effector (out of frame). The RMS upper arm boom, elbow pitch joint, elbow closed circuit television (CCTV) pan/tilt unit, and lower arm boom are silhouetted against the SA. UARS components visible in this image include (top to bottom): the high-gain antenna (HGA), the Solar Stellar Pointing Platform (SSPP), a keel (pin) trunnion, the Particle Environment Monitor (PEM) Nadir Energetic Particle System (NEPS) magnetometer, a keel (pin) trunnion, and the Multimission Modular Spacecraft (MSS). This view was taken using an electronic still camera (ESC) as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removabl |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC Earth observation of southwestern corner of the Great Salt Lake |
| Description |
STS-48 Earth observation of the southwestern corner of the Great Salt Lake, 308 nautical miles below Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, was provided by the electronic still camera (ESC). While the image is mostly covered with a thin veil of cirrus clouds, many of the surface features can be recognized. The causeway linking the northern tip of the peninsula to the southwest shore of the lake is clearly visible as is the interstate highway. Considerable topographic detail is visible in the snow covered peaks to the south of the lake. The commercial salt pans between the peninsula and the interstate show high contrast with the brightness dependent on the concentration of the brackish water in the pan. Recent heavy rainfall has caused considerable runoff into the lake but the flooding hazard of a few years past no longer exists due to a pumping system that now transfers excess water to the Bonneville Salt Flats. The ESC image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk and |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 Upper Atmosphere Rese
…
| Title |
STS-48 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in OV-103's payload bay |
| Description |
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), is documented in the payload bay (PLB) of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. UARS is scheduled for deploy on flight day three of the STS-48 mission. UARS components visible in this image include (front to back): the Solar Stellar Pointing Platform (SSPP) (at bottom), the stowed high-gain antenna (HGA) (right), Particle Environment Monitor (PEM) (cone at upper left), the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) antenna dish (center), and the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) (center back). The stowed remote manipulator system (RMS) arm is seen along the port side sill longeron. The vertical tail and the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) pods appear in the background against the blackness of space. This view was taken using an electronic still camera (ESC) as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and coul |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 Upper Atmosphere Rese
…
| Title |
STS-48 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) grappled by OV-103's RMS |
| Description |
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), held by Discovery's, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103's, remote manipulator system (RMS) end effector, hovers aloft prior to its release from the spacecraft. The solar array (SA) is partially deployed as UARS undergoes STS-48 pre-deployment checkout. UARS components visible in this image include (left to right): the Solar Stellar Pointing Platform (SSPP) (at bottom), the stowed high-gain antenna (HGA) (above SSPP), the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) spectrometer, the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) (top, above RMS end effector), the Particle Environment Monitor (PEM) Zenith Energetic Particle System (ZEPS) (next to outrigger truss), and PEM Nadir Energetic Particle System (NEPS) magnetometer (bottom right). The cloud-covered surface of the Earth is visible below the satellite. This view was taken using an electronic still camera (ESC) as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image w |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC Earth observation of Galveston Bay and portions of Galveston Island |
| Description |
STS-48 Earth observation taken aboard Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, showing Galveston Bay and portions of Galveston Island was recorded on orbit 61 with the electronic still camera (ESC). The ESC image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk and was converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC documentation was part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC closeup of Upper
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC closeup of Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) CLAES |
| Description |
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), is documented during STS-48 pre-deployment checkout above the payload bay (PLB) of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. When this closeup view of the UARS' Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) was taken, the UARS was in the grasp of OV-103's remote manipulator system (RMS). This view was taken using an electronic still camera (ESC) as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 Commander Creighton u
…
| Title |
STS-48 Commander Creighton uses camcorder on OV-103's aft flight deck |
| Description |
STS-48 Commander John O. Creighton, positioned under overhead window W7, records mission activities using a CANON camcorder on the aft flight deck of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. At Creighton's left are the mission station control panels. This view was recorded by the electronic still camera (ESC). Crewmembers were testing the ESC as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC is making its initial appearance on this Space Shuttle mission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC Earth observation of the greater Houston metropolitan area |
| Description |
STS-48 Earth observation taken aboard Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, of the Greater Houston metropolitan area was captured with the electronic still camera (ESC). A portion of Upper Galveston Bay appears at bottom right. This photo was recorded on orbit 61 of the STS-48 mission. The ESC image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk and was converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC documentation was part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC closeup of Upper
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC closeup of Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), pre-deploy |
| Description |
Grappled by the remote manipulator system (RMS) end effector, the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) undergoes STS-48 pre-deployment checkout above the payload bay (PLB) of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. The UARS solar array unfolds below the RMS end effector and the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) appears above it. An outrigger truss (far right), the Particle Environment Monitor (PEM) Zenith Energetic Particle System (ZEPS) (to left of truss), and PEM Nadir Energetic Particle System (NEPS) magnetometer (lower right) are visible. This view was taken using an electronic still camera (ESC) as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC closeup of UARS s
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC closeup of UARS solar array unfolding during pre-deployment check |
| Description |
The partially deployed solar array (SA) of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and the remote manipulator system (RMS) arm are documented in this electronic still camera (ESC) image. UARS, grappled by the remote manipulator system (RMS) end effector (out of frame), is undergoing STS-48 pre-deployment checkout above the payload bay (PLB) of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. At the top of the frames is UARS' solar stellar pointing platform (SSPP). This ESC image was documented as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC closeup of extend
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC closeup of extended UARS solar array (SA) during pre-deploy check |
| Description |
The leading edge of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) solar array (SA), fully deployed, is recorded by the electronic still camera (ESC). UARS, grappled by the remote manipulator system (RMS) end effector (out of frame), is undergoing STS-48 pre-deployment checkout above the payload bay (PLB) of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. A hinge and the pyrotechnic bolts that enable the SA to deploy can be seen in this crisp image. This view demonstrates the capabilities of the ESC to provide high resolution views of hardware for review by ground controllers. This ESC image was documented as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC closeup of UARS s
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC closeup of UARS solar array (SA) and SA mechanism, pre-deploy |
| Description |
An extremely closeup view shows the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) solar array (SA) and SA mechanism prior to deploy of the satellite. UARS, grappled by the remote manipulator system (RMS) end effector (out of frame), is undergoing STS-48 pre-deployment checkout above the payload bay (PLB) of the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. OV-103's vertical stabilizer can be seen in between the UARS hardware. This view demonstrates the capabilities of the Electronic Still Camera (ESC) to provide high resolution views of hardware for review by ground controllers. This ESC image was documented as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-48 ESC image of the MODE
…
| Title |
STS-48 ESC image of the MODE-01 Fluid Test Article (FTA) on OV-103's middeck |
| Description |
An electronic still camera (ESC) closeup shows the STS-48 Middeck Zero ("0") Gravity Dynamics Experiment 01 (MODE-01) Fluid Test Article (FTA) attached to an experimental support module (ESM) located in a forward middeck locker onboard the earth-orbiting Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. The FTA is a 3.1-cm diameter cylindrical sealed Lexan tank. The FTA electromagnetic actuator has excited the test article sinusoidally, which causes the fluid inside the tank to slosh. These slosh forces, along with other data such as acceleration levels of the entire assembly, are measured by the force balance and recorded in digital form on an optical disk for later ground analysis. Crewmembers were testing the ESC as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography. The digital image was stored on a removable hard disk or small optical disk, and could be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission. The ESC is making its initial appearance on this Space Shutt |
| Date Taken |
1991-09-18 |
|
STS-49 DTO 648 ESC image sho
…
| Title |
STS-49 DTO 648 ESC image shows INTELSAT VI F-3 after onorbit repair/servicing |
| Description |
STS-49 crewmember captured this image of the International Telecommunications Organization Satellite (INTELSAT) VI F-3 using the electronic still camera (ESC) as part of Development Test Objective (DTO) 648, Electronic Still Photography Test (With Downlink), after onorbit repair in and release from Endeavour's, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 105's, payload bay (PLB). With new vertical perigee stage in place, INTELSAT VI is on its way to an eventual arrival at geosynchronous Earth orbit. The Earth's surface creates the backdrop for the INTELSAT VI deployment. Electronic still photography is a new technology which provides the means for a handheld camera to electronically capture and digitize an image with resolution approaching film quality. |
| Date Taken |
1992-05-16 |
|
Plasma diagnostics package (
…
| Title |
Plasma diagnostics package (PDP) photographed by STS-3 crew |
| Description |
This 35mm view shows the plasma diagnostics package (PDP) photographed by STS-3 crewmen inside the Space Shuttle Columbia in Earth orbit. The darkness surrounding the frame indicates the outline of the ceiling window throught which the frame was exposed. The white cylinder attached to the experiment is the forearm of the Canadian-built remote manipulator system (RMS). The little drum shaped package is a comprehensive assembly of electro magnetic and particle sensors. |
| Date Taken |
1982-03-31 |
|
STS-56 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-56 ESC Earth observation of New York City at night |
| Description |
STS-56 electronic still camera (ESC) Earth observation image shows New York City at night as recorded on the 64th orbit of Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. The image was recorded with an image intensifier on the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES). HERCULES is a device that makes it simple for shuttle crewmembers to take pictures of Earth as they merely point a modified 35mm camera and shoot any interesting feature, whose latitude and longitude are automatically determined in real-time. Center coordinates on this image are 40.665 degrees north latitude and 74.048 degrees west longitude. (1/60 second exposure). Digital file name is ESC04034.IMG. |
| Date Taken |
1993-04-17 |
|
STS-56 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-56 ESC Earth observation of Lansing, Michigan at night |
| Description |
STS-56 electronic still camera (ESC) Earth observation image shows Lansing, Michigan at night as photographed during orbit 33 from Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. The image was recorded with an image intensifier on the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES). HERCULES is a device that makes it simple for shuttle crewmembers to take pictures of Earth as they merely point a modified 35mm camera and shoot any interesting feature, whose latitude and longitude are automatically determined in real-time. Center coordinates of this frame are 42.7 degrees north latitude and 84.5 degrees west longitude. The image was acquired at 1/60-second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Digital file name is ESC03033.IMG. |
| Date Taken |
1993-04-17 |
|
STS-56 crewmembers on aft fl
…
| Title |
STS-56 crewmembers on aft flight deck of Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103 |
| Description |
STS-56 crewmembers pose on aft flight deck of Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, for this in-cabin electronic still camera (ESC) photograph. Clockwise from the bottom right corner are Commander Kenneth Cameron, Mission Specialist 3 (MS3) Ellen Ochoa, MS2 Kenneth D. Cockrell, and Pilot Stephen S. Oswald. The crewmembers are positioned in front of the onorbit station. The image was recorder with the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES). HERCULES is a device that makes it simple for Shuttle crewmembers to take pictures of Earth as they merely point and shoot any interesting feature, whose latitude and longitude are automatically determined in real time. In-cabin shots are for test purposes only. |
| Date Taken |
1993-04-17 |
|
STS-56 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-56 ESC Earth observation of metropolitan Philadelphia, PA at night |
| Description |
STS-56 electronic still camera (ESC) Earth observation image shows metropolitan Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at night as recorded on the 48th orbit of Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. The image was recorded with an image intensifier on the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES). HERCULES is a device that makes it simple for shuttle crewmembers to take pictures of Earth as they merely point a modified 35mm camera and shoot any interesting feature, whose latitude and longitude are automatically determined in real-time. Center coordinates on this image are 39.970 degrees north latitude and 75.157 degrees west longitude. Digital file name is ESC04033.IMG. |
| Date Taken |
1993-04-17 |
|
STS-56 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-56 ESC Earth observation of the coast of Peru with Lomas Point and Yuaca |
| Description |
STS-56 electronic still camera (ESC) Earth observation image shows the coast of Peru, as recorded on the 39th orbit of Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. Lomas Point and the town of Yuaca are visible in the frame. The image was recorded by the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES). HERCULES is a device that makes it simple for shuttle crewmembers to take pictures of Earth as they merely point a modified 35mm camera and shoot any interesting feature, whose latitude and longitude are automatically determined in real-time. Center coordinates of this image are 15.593 degrees south latitude and 74.851 degrees west longitude. (300mm lens, no filter). Digital file name is ESC06001.IMG. |
| Date Taken |
1993-04-17 |
|
STS-56 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-56 ESC Earth observation of Charlotte, North Carolina at night |
| Description |
STS-56 electronic still camera (ESC) Earth observation image shows Charlotte, North Carolina at night as photographed from Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. The image was recorded with an image intensifier on the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES). HERCULES is a device that makes it simple for shuttle crewmembers to take pictures of Earth as they merely point a modified 35mm camera and shoot any interesting feature, whose latitude and longitude are automatically determined in real-time. Center coordinates on this image are 35.221 degrees north latitude and 80.847 degrees west longitude. Digital file name is ESC04031.IMG. |
| Date Taken |
1993-04-17 |
|
STS-56 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-56 ESC Earth observation of Darwin, Australia |
| Description |
STS-56 electronic still camera (ESC) Earth observation image taken aboard Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, is of Darwin, Australia. The image was recorded with a 180mm lens on the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES). HERCULES is a device that makes it simple for Shuttle crewmembers to take pictures of Earth as they just point a modified 35mm camera and shoot any interesting feature, whose latitude and longitude are automatically determined in real time. In this observation, the center coordinates are 12.433 degrees south latitude and 130.939 degrees east longitude. Geolocation accuracy on this image is 2.3 nautical miles. Digital file name is ESC01037.IMG. |
| Date Taken |
1993-04-17 |
|
STS-56 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-56 ESC Earth observation of a smoke plume near Bonn, Germany |
| Description |
STS-56 electronic still camera (ESC) Earth observation image shows a smoke plume near Bonn, Germany, as photographed from Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. The image was recorded with a 300mm lens on the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES). HERCULES is a device that makes it simple for shuttle crewmembers to take pictures of Earth as they merely point a modified 35mm camera and shoot any interesting feature, whose latitude and longitude are automatically determined in real-time. Center coordinates of this frame are 50.8 degrees north latitude and 6.4 degrees east longitude. The camera was in shutter priority mode with a 1/500-second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Digital file name is ESC03035.IMG. |
| Date Taken |
1993-04-17 |
|
STS-56 ESC Earth observation
…
| Title |
STS-56 ESC Earth observation of the Mediterranean coastline of Turkey |
| Description |
STS-56 electronic still camera (ESC) Earth observation image shows the Mediterranean coastline of Turkey as photographed from Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103. The image was recorded with a 300mm lens on the Hand-held, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES). HERCULES is a device that makes it simple for shuttle crewmembers to take pictures of Earth as they merely point a modified 35mm camera and shoot any interesting feature, whose latitude and longitude are automatically determined in real-time. Center coordinates of this frame are 36.2 degrees north latitude and 30.4 degrees east longitude. The camera was in shutter priority mode with a 1/500-second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Digital file name is ESC03039.IMG. |
| Date Taken |
1993-04-17 |
|
|
