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A head-on view of the X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Demonstrator aircraft (right), accompanied by a NASA F-18 chase aircraft during a research flight over the desert floor. The X-31 had a three-axis thrust-vectoring system, coupled with advanced flight controls, to allow it to maneuver tightly at very high angles of attack.

X-31 in Flight with F-18 Chase

This is a computer enhanced artist's concept of a semi-tailless X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Aircraft in flight. In 1994, software was installed in the X-31 to demonstrate the feasibility of stabilizing a tailless aircraft at supersonic speed, using thrust vectoring. This software allowed destabilization through the control laws of the aircraft in incremental steps to the goal of simulation 100 percent tail-off. Quasi-tailless tests began in 1994. The first phase started with supersonic evaluations at Mach 1.2. Later subsonic evaluations were performed. During the flights the aircraft was destabilized with the rudder to stability levels that would be encountered if the aircraft had a reduced-size vertical tail.

X-31 Quasi-Tailless (Artist Concept)

This is a computer enhanced artist's concept of a semi-tailless X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Aircraft in flight. In 1994, software was installed in the X-31 to demonstrate the feasibility of stabilizing a tailless aircraft at supersonic speed, using thrust vectoring. This software allowed destabilization through the control laws of the aircraft in incremental steps to the goal of simulation 100 percent tail-off. Quasi-tailless tests began in 1994. The first phase started with supersonic evaluations at Mach 1.2. Later subsonic evaluations were performed. During the flights the aircraft was destabilized with the rudder to stability levels that would be encountered if the aircraft had a reduced size vertical tail.

X-31 Quasi-Tailless (Artist Concept)

One of two X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Demonstrator aircraft, flown by an international test organization at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, turns tightly over the desert floor on a research flight. The aircraft obtained data that may apply to the design and development of highly-maneuverable aircraft of the future. The X-31 had a three-axis thrust-vectoring system, coupled with advanced flight controls, to allow it to maneuver tightly at very high angles of attack.

X-31 in Banked Flight over Edwards AFB

A photograph of the noseboom on the X-31 shows the Kiel air data probe angled at 10 degrees to better align the tip with the airflow at very high angles of attack. The devices were mounted on the nose of the X-31s to measure air pressure. Icing in the unheated Kiel probe on the first X-31 (Bu. No. 164584), caused that aircraft to crash on January 19, 1995. The aircraft obtained data that may apply to the design and development of highly-maneuverable aircraft of the future. Each had a three-axis thrust-vectoring system, coupled with advanced flight controls, to allow it to maneuver tightly at very high angles of attack.

X-31 Kiel Probe Side View

The X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability aircraft in flight over California?s Mojave desert during a 1992 test flight.

X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Aircraft in Flight

The first X-31 (Bu. No. 164584) flies over Edwards Air Force Base, California, in 1993. Aircraft 584 completed 292 flights during the Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability (EFM) program before being lost on January 19, 1995 when icing in the nose probe caused the flight control computer to receive bad data. German test pilot Karl-Heinz Lang ejected after the aircraft became uncontrollable. The program continued, using the second aircraft (Bu. No. 164585).

X-31 #1 in Flight over Edwards AFB

The X-31 aircraft, on a research mission from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, is flying nearly perpendicular to the flight path while performing the Herbst maneuver. Effectively using the entire airframe as a speed brake and using the aircrafts unique thrust vectoring system to maintain control, the pilot rapidly rolls the aircraft to reverse the direction of flight, completing the maneuver with acceleration back to high speed in the opposite direction. This type of turning capability could reduce the turning time of a fighter aircraft by 30 percent. The Herbst maneuver was first conducted in an X-31 on April 29, 1993, in the No. 2 X-31 aircraft by German test pilot Karl-Heinz Lang.

X-31 at High Angle of Attack

The X-31 aircraft on a research mission from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, California, is flying nearly perpendicular to the flight path while performing the Herbst maneuver. Effectively using the entire airframe as a speed brake and using the aircraft's unique thrust vectoring system to maintain control, the pilot rapidly rolls the aircraft to reverse the direction of flight, completing the maneuver with acceleration back to high speed in the opposite direction. This type of turning capability could reduce the turning time of a fighter aircraft by 30 percent. The Herbst maneuver was first conducted in an X-31 on April 29, 1993, in the No. 2 aircraft by German test pilot Karl-Heinz Lang.

X-31 Demonstrating High Angle of Attack - Herbst Maneuver

The X-31 aircraft on a research mission from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, is flying nearly perpendicular to the flight path while performing the Herbst maneuver. Effectively using the entire airframe as a speed brake and using the aircrafts unique thrust vectoring system to maintain control, the pilot rapidly rolls the aircraft to reverse the direction of flight, completing the maneuver with acceleration back to high speed in the opposite direction. This type of turning capability could reduce the turning time of a fighter aircraft by 30 percent. The Herbst maneuver was first conducted in an X-31 on April 29, 1993, in the No. 2 X-31 aircraft by German test pilot Karl-Heinz Lang.

X-31 at High Angle of Attack

One of two X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Demonstrator aircraft (top), flown by an international test organization at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, is seen here accompanied by a NASA F-18 chase aircraft during a research flight over the desert floor. The X-31 had a three-axis thrust-vectoring system, coupled with advanced flight controls, to allow it to maneuver tightly at very high angles of attack.

X-31 in Flight with F-18 Chase

One of two X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Demonstrator aircraft, flown by an international test organization at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, turns tightly over the desert floor on a research flight. The aircraft obtained data that may apply to the design and development of highly-maneuverable aircraft of the future. The X-31 had a three-axis thrust-vectoring system, coupled with advanced flight controls, to allow it to maneuver tightly at very high angles of attack.

X-31 in Banked Flight over Edwards AFB

The right wing of the X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Technology Demonstrator Aircraft is seen here being put into a shipping container May 18, 1995, at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, by U.S. and German members of the program. To fit inside an Air Force Reserve C-5 transport, which was used to ferry the X-31 to Europe on May 22, 1995, the right wing had to be removed. Manching, Germany, was used as a staging base to prepare the aircraft for participation in the Paris Air Show. At the air show on June 11 through the 18th, the X-31 demonstrated the value of using thrust vectoring (directing engine exhaust flow) coupled with advanced flight control systems to provide controlled flight at very high angles of attack. The aircraft arrived back at Edwards in an Air Force Reserve C-5 on June 25, 1995, and off loaded at Dryden the 27th. The X-31 aircraft was developed jointly by Rockwell International's North American Aircraft Division (now part of Boeing) and Daimler-Benz Aerospace (formerly Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm), under sponsorship by the U.S. Department of Defense and the German Federal Ministry of Defense.

X-31 Wing Storage for Shipping

X-31 team members perform an engine fit check on the X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability demonstrator aircraft in a hangar at the Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California.

X-31 Engine Fit Check

DOMES (DMS) High Bay

X-31 #1 in Flight over Edwards AFB

X-31 #2 in Flight

X-31 at High Angle of Attack

X-31 at High Angle of Attack

X-31 at High Angle of Attack

X-31 Being Loaded into C-5 Cargo Plane

X-31 Demonstrating High Angle of Attack - Herbst Maneuver

X-31 Engine Fit Check

X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Aircraft in Flight

X-31 in Banked Flight over Edwards AFB

X-31 in Banked Flight over Edwards AFB

X-31 in Flight over Edwards AFB

X-31 in Flight with F-18 Chase

X-31 in Flight with F-18 Chase

X-31 Kiel Probe Close-up Showing Inside

X-31 Kiel Probe Side View

X-31 Loaded in C-5 Cargo Bay

X-31 Quasi-Tailless (Artist Concept)

X-31 Unloading Returning from Paris Air Show

X-31 Wing Storage for Shipping

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Facility, the Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) is moved toward a stand prior to its being returned to the vendor for repair. The faulty CMG was removed from the International Space Station and replaced with a new one on mission STS-114 in August. A control moment gyroscope is an actuator used to apply very high attitude-control torques to agile spacecraft. The Space Station uses four massive control moment gyroscopes to maintain the Station?s orientation in space.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Faci …

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Facility, the Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) at left is being returned to the vendor for repair. The faulty CMG was removed from the International Space Station and replaced with a new one on mission STS-114 in August. A control moment gyroscope is an actuator used to apply very high attitude-control torques to agile spacecraft. The Space Station uses four massive control moment gyroscopes to maintain the Station?s orientation in space.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Faci …

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - The Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) is moved across the floor of the Space Station Processing Facility. It is being transferred to a stand prior to its being returned to the vendor for repair. The faulty CMG was removed from the International Space Station and replaced with a new one on mission STS-114 in August. A control moment gyroscope is an actuator used to apply very high attitude-control torques to agile spacecraft. The Space Station uses four massive control moment gyroscopes to maintain the Station?s orientation in space.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - The Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) i …

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Facility, workers oversee the packing of the Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) in a shipping container. The faulty CMG was removed from the International Space Station and replaced with a new one on mission STS-114 in August. A control moment gyroscope is an actuator used to apply very high attitude-control torques to agile spacecraft. The Space Station uses four massive control moment gyroscopes to maintain the Station?s orientation in space.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Faci …

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Facility, workers help maneuver the Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) onto a stand prior to its being returned to the vendor for repair. The faulty CMG was removed from the International Space Station and replaced with a new one on mission STS-114 in August. A control moment gyroscope is an actuator used to apply very high attitude-control torques to agile spacecraft. The Space Station uses four massive control moment gyroscopes to maintain the Station?s orientation in space.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Faci …

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Facility, the Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) is separated from its base and workers help guide it toward a shipping container for its return to the vendor for repair. The faulty CMG was removed from the International Space Station and replaced with a new one on mission STS-114 in August. A control moment gyroscope is an actuator used to apply very high attitude-control torques to agile spacecraft. The Space Station uses four massive control moment gyroscopes to maintain the Station?s orientation in space.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Space Station Processing Faci …

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